拉力塑造与推力化解：高素质农民培育驱动青年返乡作用机制研究

Pull factor shaping and push factor mitigation：A study on the mechanism of high-quality farmer cultivation driving youth's return to rural areas

关键词:  推拉理论  青年返乡  高素质农民培育  作用机制  政策路径

Key words:  push-pull theory  youth return to rural areas  high-quality farmer cultivation  mechanism of action  policy pathway

摘要:

【目的】 在乡村振兴与人才强农战略背景下，高素质农民培育已成为吸引青年返乡的一项重要政策举措。文章从政策实施历史进程入手，构建理论模型，分析高素质农民培育通过系统的制度设计影响青年返乡选择的内在作用机制，为优化政策提供理论参考。【方法】 以人口流动的“推拉理论”为基础分析框架，结合国家高素质农民培育规范规程等政策文件，运用理论与制度分析方法，探讨培育工作如何与乡村经济推力、政策拉力与文化混合力相互作用，并系统阐释重塑青年返乡决策的制度化路径。【结果】 高素质农民培育通过3条互相协同的制度化路径推动青年返乡：一是通过技能赋能，纾解青年返乡经济风险；二是通过组织链接转化宏观政策机遇为青年个体可及的发展机会；三是系统性的价值引领与身份认定，帮助青年树立积极正向的“新农人”职业认同。这3条路径共同作用，系统重塑了青年决策中的推拉力量对比。【结论】 揭示高素质农民培育驱动青年返乡的制度化作用机制，为“推拉理论”在具体政策应用上提供新的研究视角。未来政策优化完善，应超越单纯技能传授层面，转向系统化培育、制度化支持与价值化引领并重，通过结构化赋能防控风险、组织化拓展链接机会、价值化引导建构认同的政策体系，从而长期、有效地吸引并留住青年人才。

Abstract:

[Purpose] Against the background of rural revitalization and the strategy of reinvigorating agriculture through human resource development，the cultivation of high-quality farmers has become an important measure to attract young people to return to rural areas. This study begins with the historical process of policy implementation，constructs a theoretical model，explores the influence of the cultivation of high-quality farmers on young people’s decisions to return to rural areas through systematic institutional design，clarifies the internal mechanism of action，and provides theoretical references for optimizing policies.[Method] This study took the push-pull theory of population mobility as its theoretical framework，combined it with policy documents such as national regulations and procedures for cultivating high-quality farmers，and employed theoretical and institutional analysis methods. It explored how farmer cultivation programs interacted with rural economic push factors，policy pull factors，and cultural hybrid factors，and systematically elucidated the institutional pathways that reshaped young people’s decisions to return to rural areas.[Result] The study found that the cultivation of high-quality farmers promoted youth return to rural areas through three mutually synergistic institutional pathways. First，through skill empowerment，it alleviated the economic risks faced by young people returning to rural areas. Second，through organizational links，it transformed macro policy opportunities into accessible development opportunities for youth. Third，through systematic value guidance and identity recognition，it helped young people establish a positive professional identity as “new farmers”. These three pathways systematically reshaped the balance of push and pull factors in young people’s decision-making.[Conclusion] This study reveals the institutional mechanism of the high-quality farmer cultivation driving the return of youth to rural areas，offering a new research perspective for the application of the push-pull theory to specific policies. Future policy optimization and improvement should go beyond the mere transmission of skills，shifting toward a balanced approach that emphasizes systematic cultivation，institutional support，and value guidance，through structural empowerment to prevent and control risks，organizational links to expand opportunities，and value-oriented guidance to construct a policy system，thereby attracting and retaining young talents in a long-term and effective manner.