新疆草地畜牧业可持续发展战略研究

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY STUDY ON XINJIANG'S GRASSLAND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

关键词:  草地承载力 荒漠化 草地畜牧业 可持续发展 战略

Key words:  grassland capacity  desertification  grassland animal husbandry  sustainable development  strategy

摘要:

新疆是全国重点草原牧区，草地占国土面积的28.83%，全区超70%的畜产品来源于天然草地。 该文基于2002～2004年新疆草地调查数据、2006～2008年中国科学院组织的“新疆生态建设和可持续发 展战略”考察和调研数据，研究新疆草地畜牧业背景、现状与问题，探索新发展战略与对策。研究表明， 近半个世纪以来新疆家畜数量增加了3倍。1980年以来天然草原普遍发生退化，草地面积缩小10.77%， 草地生产力下降5%～10%，优质牧草产量下降30%～70%。在此前提下，提出新疆的草地畜牧业发展新思 路，即从生态保护和可持续发展的全局出发，统筹协调山地—荒漠—绿洲复合生态系统关系，在绿洲及其 它水土条件较好的地区发展以优质、高产人工草地为基础的现代集约型草地畜牧业，逐步将畜牧业生产从 平原荒漠草地和山地草地向绿洲转移，最终使绿洲成为现代畜牧业经济发展的重心;使平原荒漠草地和山 地草地成为生物多样性保护和水源涵养的生态功能区，最大限度地保护天然草地植被，达到人与自然的和 谐，同时实现放牧畜牧业到现代化畜牧业的战略性转型，建立具有新疆区域特色的创新性畜牧业模式。

Abstract:

Xinjiang is one of the major pastoral areas in China whose grassland accounts for 28.83% of the na- tional territorial land area， but it has some issues including serious overgrazing，backward primitive husbandry practices，and underdeveloped social and economic development in the pasturing area. Based on the survey data on grasslands in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2008， the background，present situation and current problems in Xinjiang grassland animal husbandry were studied and strategic countermeasures on its development in livestock husbandry were exploded.The study showed that the livestock in Xinjiang had been almost tripled since last half century. The native grassland had been generally degenerated since 1980， with 10.77%of the reduction in pasture area， 5%- 10% decline in NPP，and 30%-70% decrease in high quality herbage production. On this premise，it presented a new idea for the development of Xingjiang's grassland agriculture，that is，to plan and coordinate the interaction of a complex Mountain-desert-oasis ecosystem from an overall situation of ecosystem conservation and sustainable development， to promote the modern intensive grassland agriculture with high quality artificial pasture in oasis and other regions with favorable water and soil condition，to gradually transfer husbandry production from desert plain steppe and mountain steppe to oasis，where was the center for the modern animal husbandry economy，and to make the desert plain steppe and mountain steppe become the ecological function area of eco-diversity and water conservation to protect native plants with the harmony between human and nature， realize the strategic transforma- tion from traditional grazing to modern husbandry， and establish an innovative husbandry pattern with Xinjiang characteristics.