市场视角下的合作社发展存在的问题及原因分析

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND CAUSES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL COOPERATIVES FROM THE MARKET PERSPECTIVE

关键词:  市场视角 合作社 企业化运作 民主管理 政府补贴

Key words:  the market perspective  cooperatives  enterprise-based operation  democracy in management  gov- ernment support

摘要:

我国的农民专业合作社运作以来，为提高农民收入发挥了积极作用。他的运作是以交易成本、规 模经济、组织行为、市场对接、农业弱质等理论为指导基础的。实践中较为理性的运作虽然规避了发展中 的风险，但也反映出问题:合作社企业化运作、合作社与农民联系不够紧密、依赖政府补贴等。针对这些 问题，基于市场竞争的角度，通过对合作社运行中的价格成本的逐层分析及对比分析，揭示了产生以上问 题的逻辑关系:市场规律下，作为价格接受者，规模小且资金、技术实力都不强的合作社，由于决策程序 复杂、存在协调成本、交易成本、管理成本，比其他主体的运营成本较高;迫于降低成本的压力，合作社 清减事务性工作人员，由大户或核心成员以合作社名义提供农资、技术咨询等服务，并完成营销工作，一 般会员不参与合作社管理，只按照与合作社签订的合同提供产品。以上分析揭示了农村合作社运作问题的 根本原因是市场规律使然，此合作社企业化运作模式会造成的民主管理弱化，盈余分配不均衡等问题，要 解决这些问题需要进一步提高政府的支持力度。

Abstract:

China's rural cooperative system has played a positive role in improving farmers' income since its incep- tion. Its operation is underpinned by the theories of transaction cost，economies of scale，organizational behavior， market linkage，and the inferiority of agriculture. Despite the risk is avoided by the rational practice，there were still various problems associated with this system，including enterprise-based operation，weak involvement of farmers，and reliance on government subsidies. Based on the detailed and comparative analysis of price cost in co- operative system from the aspect of the fully competitive market，the logical relations of the aboved-mentioned problems were revealed:these problems were rooted in the role of rural cooperatives as participants in a competitive market and were inevitable result of the market mechanism.Under the market mechanism，rural cooperatives had some disadvantages in finance and technology and faced a higher operating cost due to a variety of factors such as complex decision-making，cost of coordination，translation cost and management cost. In order to reduce the pressure of cost，they were forced to downsize administrative personnel. Accordingly，rural cooperatives were man- aged by large owners or core members， such as providing agricultural production materials， technical consulting and marketing and sales activities. Ordinary members generally were not involved in the management of rural coopera- tives and only responsible for providing agricultural produce in accordance with the contracts.The above analysis demonstrated that the problems of cooperative system were essencially caused by the marketing laws.This enter- prise operating mode will lead to lack of democracy in management and inequitable distribution of profits.The gov- ernment support was needed to address these problems.