中小城镇新生代农民工市民化能力测度及空间分异研究——来自江西省的调查

THE MEASUREMENT AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF NEW GENERATION MIGRANT WORKERS CITIZENIZATION ABILITY IN MEDIUM AND SMALL CITIES——SURVEY FROM JIANGXI PROVINCE

关键词:  市民化能力 测度 空间分异 新生代农民工 江西

Key words:  citizenization ability  measurement  spatial differentiation  new generation migrant workers  Jiangxi

摘要:

新生代农民工是否能够成功实现市民化，不但取决于其市民化意愿，还取决于其市民化能力，两者缺一不可。中国农民工在市民化方面表现出强市民化意愿与弱市民化能力的强烈反差，科学构建农民工市民化能力指标体系并对其进行测量评价，对明晰农民工市民化能力现状，提升农民工市民化能力具有重要的现实意义。从农村退出、城市进入及城市融合等3个方面构建了由3个一级指标、9个二级指标和20个三级指标组成的农民工市民化能力综合评价指标体系，并运用江西省1 056位农民工的实地调研数据，使用层次分析法（AHP），对中小城镇新生代农民工市民化能力及其空间分异进行了实证分析,并提出了相应对策建议。研究表明，新生代农民工市民化能力总体偏低，不同维度的市民化能力发展不均衡，城市就业能力最强，土地退出补偿能力次之，城市融入能力最差，受教育程度、工作年限、月工资收入、交往对象、住房类型、土地流转数量和土地征用数量等是新生代农民工市民化能力偏低的主要影响因素；各地区新生代农民工市民化能力水平大多处于中等水平，存在一定的空间分布差异，除九江、南昌、赣州和吉安等4个地级市达到平均水平外，其他7个地级市都在平均水平之下；大多数地区不同维度市民化能力都趋于一致，发展较为均衡。最后，分别从人力资本、社会资本、土地制度和空间分异的视角提出相关对策，认为要全面提升新生代农民工总体市民化能力水平，实现地区均衡，就必须通过提升人力资本，改革城市就业制度，增强新生代农民工的城市就业能力；通过提升社会资本，降低城市融入成本，增强新生代农民工的城市融入能力；改革农村土地制度，盘活农村土地资产，增强新生代农民工的土地退出补偿能力。

Abstract:

Whether the new generation of migrant workers to become citizens depends on not only the willingness of being citizen, but also the ability. There is a strong contrast between civil wishes and weak people ability in the citizenization of china′s migrant workers. It is of great practical significance to understand the present situation and the ability of migrant workers. This paper constructed the comprehensive evaluation index system of migrant workers citizenization ability from three aspects, such as the withdrawal of the rural areas, the entry of cities and urban integration. Based on field survey data of 1056 migrant workers in Jiangxi province, it constructed 3 first level indicators, 9 two level indexes, and 20 three level indicators, analyzed the level and spatial differentiation of the new generation of migrant workers in medium and small cities by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the migrant workers ability was generally low and unbalanced. The ability of urban employment was the strongest, followed by land withdrawal compensation ability, and the city′s integration ability. Educational level, working age, monthly wage income, communication objects, housing types, the number of land transfer and the quantity of land requisition were the main influencing factors which caused the low citizenization ability. The level of the migrant workers ability had some spatial distribution differences in different regions. Finally, this paper put forward the policy suggestions from the perspective of human capital, social capital, land system and spatial differentiation, including enhancing the human capital, reforming the urban employment system, enhancing the capacity of urban employment of the new generation of migrant workers, reducing the cost of urban integration to enhance the capacity of the workers into the city, and reforming the rural land system to enhance the ability of the new generation of migrant workers.