1998～2016年农村集体土地产权制度改革综述

REVIEW OF THE REFORM OF RURAL COLLECTIVE LAND PROPERTY RIGHT SYSTEM FROM 1998 TO 2016

关键词:  集体土地产权制度 土地所有权 土地承包权 土地经营权 改革

Key words:  collective land property right system  land ownership  land contract right  land management right  reform

摘要:

［目的］通过总结我国1998~2016年间农村土地产权制度的改革历程及成效，探讨了未来发展方向，以期为我国农村集体土地产权制度改革提供参考。［方法］文章采用文献研究法梳理我国1998年以来农村土地产权制度改革的历史演变及其成就，以此探讨未来的改革方向。［结果］将我国1998~2016年的农村集体土地产权制度改革分为3个阶段：允许土地使用权转让阶段，允许土地承包经营权流转阶段，以及允许土地经营权抵押、实行三权分置阶段，并总结各个阶段的法律法规和国家政策以及学术界的观点； 分析改革成效主要有土地承包经营权流转得到法律保护、农业适度规模经营得到长远发展、三权分置放活土地经营权； 探讨我国农村土地制度改革的发展方向主要有：农村集体土地所有权三向发展、“三权分置”。［结论］农村集体土地所有权实行国有化，是我国在现有制度基础上最现实的选择。中央提出“三权分置”是对现阶段我国农村基本土地经营制度的自我完善，是新形势下协调生产关系与发展生产力的客观要求，这一举措必将使我国的农村土地制度改革进入一个崭新的时代。

Abstract:

Based on a large number of literatures, this paper summarized the reform process of rural land property right system in China from 1998 to 2016, obtained the reform achievements, and discussed the future development direction, so as to provide a reference for the reform of rural collective land property right system. The results showed that the reform of the rural collective land property right system in China from 1998 to 2016 can be divided into three stages: allowing the transfer of land use right, allowing the land contracting right to be transferred, and allowing land management right to be mortgaged. The various laws and regulations, national policy, and academic points at each stage were summed up. The effectiveness of the reform included: the legal protection of the right to land contractual management, the long-term development of the appropriate scale of agriculture, and the right to operate the land. Finally, it discussed the development direction of rural land system reform, i.e., the three-way development of rural collective land ownership and "three power split" were the new direction of rural land system reform. The nationalization of rural collective land ownership was the most realistic choice in China. The "three-power split" proposed by the central government was an objective law for the development of rural basic management system, which was a booster for the development of rural land and the acceleration of rural land circulation. The "three-power split" will open a new chapter in the reform of rural land system.