养老保障是否会减少农民劳动供给——基于CHARLS数据的研究

WHETHER THE OLD-AGE SECURITY WILL REDUCE THE LABOR SUPPLY OF FARMERS BASED ON CHARLS DATA

关键词:  养老保障 劳动供给时间 劳动密集度 农民 Tobit模型 CHARLS

Key words:  old-age security  labor supply time  intensity of labor supply  farmers  Tobit model  CHARLS

摘要:

［目的］在我国农民工劳动力供给紧张和农村劳动力短缺的背景下，养老保障对农民劳动供给的影响是一个值得关注的问题，通过运用“中国健康与养老追踪调査”（CHARLS）调研数据分析养老保障对农民群体劳动供给时间的影响。［方法］根据2013年CHARLS数据，运用Tobit模型研究分析了我国农村养老保障对农民群体每周和每年劳动供给时间的影响。［结果］养老保障可以降低农民每周的劳动时间，但对全年的总劳动时间影响不显著。其中：（1）根据年龄，养老保障可以降低老年农民的劳动时间，对中青年农民的影响不显著； （2）根据性别，养老保障可以降低男性农民的劳动时间，对女性农民的影响不显著。［结论］养老保障减少农民每周的劳动时间，降低了农民劳动的时间密集度，尤其对老年农民的短期劳动供给影响非常明显。众所周知为了促进我国经济更有效率地发展，关键要提高农民劳动的供给结构和效率而不仅仅增加供给时间。养老保障减轻了农民的心理负担，理性的农民会降低劳动时间或者将劳动平均分配到更长的时间段进而改善健康。出于改善农民生活和提高幸福指数的角度考虑，建议加强农村社会保障的建设，减轻农民劳作负担。

Abstract:

Under the background of labor supply strain and shortage in rural areas, it is significant to pay more intention to the impact of social security on labor supply in China. Using the "China Health and Retirement Survey Tracking" (CHARLS) survey data, this paper analyzed the influence of old-age security on the labor supply time of farmers.According to the 2013 "China Health and Retirement Survey Tracking" (CHARLS) survey data, the impact of old age security on labor supply time of each week and each year was analyzed using Tobit model. It found that the social security can significantly reduce farmers′ weekly working hours (old-age security can reduce 8 more hours of work supply every week), but it had no significant effects on the farmers' working time of the whole year. Sex, age and marital status also had significant impacts on farmers' weekly working time: male famers offered 5.5 less hours than female farmers every week, who reduced their work time of every week as age growing, and besides.Those farmers with complete marital status offered 9.5 hours more than others(including separated, divorced, widowed,never married and cohabitated). The old-age security can reduce old farmers' weekly working time and improve the life of old age farmers, but the impact on young and middle-aged farmers was not very significant. Moreover, the old-age security can reduce male farmers' weekly working time and improve the life of male farmers, but the impact on female farmers was not very significant. In general, the impact of old-age security on labor supply time of farmer groups was not certain, but the impact on labor intensity was significant. It concluded that the old-age security lessened the psychological burden of farmers and reduced their working hours or allocated their labor over an extended time to improve their health.Therefore, to improve the live quality of farmers and the happiness, it had great meaningful to strengthen the construction of rural social security.