农村土地“三权分置”的新制度经济学分析

ECONOMICS ANALYSIS ON A NEW SYSTEM OF THE TRIPARTITE RURAL LAND ENTITLEMENT

关键词:  土地承包经营权 农地“三权分置” 产权理论 制度变迁 自我强化

Key words:  rural land contract operation rights  tripartite rural land entitlement system of farmland property rights  property right theory  institutional change  self-strengthening

摘要:

［目的］从新制度经济学视角梳理农村土地“三权分置”的制度变迁过程，并对“三权”各自的权能进行分析，针对现存集体所有权主体缺失、土地承包权权能混乱、土地经营权性质不清等问题解释其原因并提出对策建议。［方法］运用文献综述法、对比法对农村土地试行“三权分置”后集体所有权、农户承包权、土地经营权各自权能进行划分和界定，理顺三者关系。［结果］（1）“三权分置”是农村土地产权权能的进一步分解与细化，集体所有权被赋予更完整的土地所有权能；（2）“三权分置”过程中承包地流转路径得到进一步强化，打破土地承包经营权的“成员权”限制；（3）土地经营权的市场性功能与农户承包权的福利性功能同时增强，进一步减少土地对农民的束缚。［结论］“三权分置”是解决农地无人耕种、推动农村土地适度规模经营的重要途径，合理界定“三权”的权能、理顺“三权”的经济学关系、破解法律制度障碍是“三权分置”的改革重点和方向。

Abstract:

The purpose of the study is to analyze the process of institutional change of the tripartite rural land entitlement system of farmland property rights under the perspective of new institutional economics. Aiming at the problems, for example, the collective ownership was missing, land contract right was chaotic and the nature of land management was unclear, it put forward some countermeasures and suggestions. The literature review and comparative method were used to analyze the contents of the tripartite rural land entitlement system and different borders among the collective ownership, the farmer contracting right and the land management right. The results showed as follows: (1) the tripartite rural land entitlement system was the decomposition and refinement of the land property rights. The collective ownership was given more complete land ownership; (2) the process of the tripartite rural land entitlement system further strengthened the contractor's circulation path and broke the land management rights of the "membership" restrictions; (3) the market function and welfare features of the collective ownership, the farmer contracting right and the land management right were enhanced at the same time. The tripartite rural land entitlement system was an important way to solve the problem of cultivating farmland without cultivating land and promoting the appropriate scale of rural land. The direction of the reform of the tripartite rural land entitlement system was to rationally define the power of three rights, straighten out the economic relations and improve the legal system.