国内外耕地轮作休耕的实践比较及政策启示

COMPARISON OF CROP ROTATION AND LAND FALLOW BETWEEN CHINA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATIONS

关键词:  轮作休耕生态文明补偿政策实践休耕意愿

Key words:  crop rotation and land fallow  ecological civilization  compensation  policy implications  willingness

摘要:

［目的］耕地具有农业生产、生态景观和生态服务等多种价值和功能，是粮食生产的根本保证，也是发展绿色农业、发挥土地生态景观功能和生态服务价值的基础。近年来，我国面临耕地质量下降、耕作层变浅、水土流失加剧等问题。推行耕地轮作休耕制度，能够“藏粮于地，藏粮于技”，提升耕地质量，保障长久粮食安全。国外有关耕地轮作休耕的实践研究已有很多成功的案例，文章试图通过分析国内外轮作休耕制度和政策，期望为我国轮作休耕制度的建立和优化提供一定的借鉴。［方法］通过总结美国、德国、加拿大、日本耕地轮作休耕的实践经验，结合我国轮作休耕相关政策，对比我国轮作休耕与其他国家的不同点。［结果］我国耕地轮作休耕在政策目标、粮食安全压力、补贴机制、轮作休耕类型方面与国外不同，因此应该在符合我国国情和现实的前提下逐步推进，提出休耕轮作政策实施应注意的问题。［结论］在政策推进过程中应注意市场机制与政府决策的结合，第三方评估机构的作用和基层政策实施机构的建设，争取以轮作休耕为契机推进农业理念和技术模式创新。

Abstract:

The cultivated land has the functions of crop production, ecological landscape and ecological service, which are the fundamental guarantee of grain production. It is also the basis of developing green agriculture and making the function of ecological landscape and ecological service. China has faced some problems such as decreased quality of cultivated land, a tillage layer decrease, soil erosion and acidification, rocky desertification, desertification, overgrowth of groundwater, soil environmental pollution and biodiversity reduction. The implementation of crop rotation and land fallow system can enhance the quality of cultivated land and long-term food security in China. This paper analyzed the domestic and foreign rotation crop fallow systems and policies, so as to provide some reference for the study and policy practice of cropland cropping in China. There were many successful cases of cultivated land crop rotation and land fallow in foreign countries, such as the US, Japan, Canada, Australia, Austria and Germany. It summarized the practical experience and shortcomings of cultivated land crop rotation and land fallow in foreign countries, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of cultivated land Crop rotation and land fallow in China. Finally, it suggested that China′s cultivated land Crop rotation and land fallow should be different from that of foreign countries in terms of policy objectives, food security pressure, subsidy mechanism and Crop rotation and land fallow type. It should pay attention to the combination of market mechanism and government decision-making in the process of policy promotion, the role of third party evaluation institution, and the construction of grass-roots policy implementation institutions, so as to promote the innovation of agricultural concept and technology model.