美国休耕制度及其对中国耕地休耕制度构建的启示

THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF AMERICA FALLOW SYSTEM FOR CHINA

关键词:  美国休耕制度立法政府补贴运作模式启示

Key words:  America′s fallow system  legislation  fiscal subsidy  operation mode  enlightenment

摘要:

［目的］对美国休耕制度进行解读，并通过对制度文本的系统梳理和对比分析，为中国休耕制度的构建提供参考坐标。［方法］采用文献分析法和对比分析法。［结果］通过文献解读发现：（1）美国休耕立法经历了初步确立、快速发展和调整完善3个阶段； （2）美国休耕制度的政府补贴具有多元的特性，包括土地租金、成本分摊、技术援助、额外奖励和税收抵扣； （3）美国在实施休耕制度时强调计划与市场结合； （4）美国休耕制度的重心最终落脚于实现有机农业转移。［结论］根据这4项研究发现，中国在构建耕地休耕制度的过程中：首先，应逐次建构以休耕为主要内容的法律法规体系； 其次，在结合多方财政系统的基础上，建立多元化、差异化、动态化、奖惩结合的休耕补贴机制； 再次，需要计划和市场的有机结合，强化计划安排的同时激励农户自觉参与休耕，主动提升耕地地力； 最后，休耕制度重心的落脚点应与有机农业发展的趋势相契合。

Abstract:

The objective of this paper is to interpret the American fallow system, and through the systematic review on the system text and comparative analysis, to provide reference coordinates for the construction of the fallow system in China. The results showed that first, the development of American fallow legislation experienced three stages, i.e., the initial establishment, rapid development and adjustment; Second, the US government had a wide range of characteristics for the form of subsidy for fallow; Third, the United States in the implementation of the fallow system focused on planning and market integration; Fourth, the focus of the US fallow system finally concentrated on the realization of organic agriculture transfer. Based on the results, Chinese cropland fallow system should firstly gradually build the main content of the legal system; Secondly, based on the combination of multi party financial system, establish diversification, differentiation, dynamic, reward and punishment combined with the fallow subsidy mechanism; Third, China′s fallow system required a combination of planning and market to strengthen the plan and encourage farmers to take part in fallow at the same time; In the end, the focus of China′s fallow system should be in line with the trend of organic agriculture development.