呼伦贝尔草原生态功能区土地利用变化及驱动力分析

ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE AND DRIVING FORCES IN ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL AREA OF HULUNBER GRASSLAND

关键词:  生态功能区土地利用转移矩阵分布驱动力

Key words:  ecological function area  land use  transfer matrix  distribution  driving force

摘要:

［目的］土地利用作为地球表面与人类活动连接的纽带，明确其变化特征及驱动力对于土地利用格局的优化、区域生态环境的改善和土地利用率的提高等具有重要的指导意义。［方法］文章以呼伦贝尔草原生态功能区为例，从土地利用动态度和土地利用转移矩阵来探究研究区在1990—2015年土地利用变化特征。在此基础上，运用主成分分析对研究区土地利用的年际变化进行驱动力分析。［结果］2015年草地面积为32952万hm2，占总面积的8117%，是呼伦贝尔草原生态功能区的主体土地利用类型， 1990—2015年草地总量略有减少，减幅为004%； 湿地作为研究区第二大土地利用类型，呈现先减后增、整体减少的趋势，整体减幅为036%； 其他土地面积减少139万hm2，减幅为1905%； 面积增加的土地利用类型中，耕地面积整体上呈现增加趋势，增加8 480hm2，增幅高达10260%； 人工表面面积增加6 075hm2，增幅为2947%； 林地面积增加了2 908hm2，增幅1048%。草地、湿地和其他土地利用类型表现为净转入特征，耕地、林地和人工表面用地表现为净转出特征。区域经济和农畜因素是研究区土地利用变化的主要驱动力。［结论］草地与其他土地利用类型间的相互转换是呼伦贝尔草原生态功能区土地利用变化的主要特征，区域经济和农畜因素共同影响研究区不同土地利用类型的分布。

Abstract:

As the link between the earth′s surface and human activities, land use is not only a significant guidance for the optimization of land use spatial distribution pattern, but also a theoretical basis for the improvement of regional ecological environment and the promotion of land utilization rate. Due to the importance of land use in theory and practice, it is necessary to clarify the changing characteristics and driving forces for spatial distribution of different land cover types. Taking the ecological functional area of Hulunber grassland as the research area, this paper explored the characteristics of land use change from the perspectives of land use dynamic attitude and land use transfer matrix in research area from 1990 to 2015. On this basis, principal component analysis was used to analyze the driving forces of the land use interannual change in the study area. The results showed that the grassland area was 3.2952 million hm2, accounting for 81.17% of the total area in 2015. Grassland was the main land use type in the ecological functional area of Hulunber grassland and the overall area decreased slightly by a rate of 0.04% from 1990 to 2015. Wetland, as the second largest land use type in the study area, showed a trend of decreasing firstly and then increasing with an overall decrease rate of 0.36%. The area of other land use type decreased by 13 911 hm2 with a decrease rate of 19.05%. On the other hand, among the land use types with increased area, the cultivated land area showed an overall increasing trend, which increased by 8 480 hm2 with the significantly increase rate of up to 102.60% from 1990 to 2015. The artificial surface land use type area increased by 6 075 hm2 with an increase rate of 29.47%. The woodland area increased by 2 908 hm2 with an increase rate of 10.48%. In addition, grassland, wetland and other land use type showed net transfer in characteristics, which meant the other land cover types were converted to grassland, wetland and other land use type. While cultivated land, forest land and artificial surface land showed net transfer out characteristics. Regional economy and agricultural and livestock factors were the main driving forces of land use change. The interconversion between grassland and other land use types is the main feature of land use change in ecological functional areas of Hulunber grassland. Regional economy and agricultural and livestock factors are jointly affect the spatial distribution of different land use types in the research area.