乡村旅游开发下农户生计适应变化与影响机理研究*——以延安市乡村旅游为例

STUDY ON ADAPTATION CHANGE OF FARMERS′ LILIVLIHOOD AND THE INFLUENCE MECHANISM UNDER TOURISM DEVELOPMENT*——A CASE STUDY OF RURAL TOURISM IN YAN′AN CITY

关键词:  适应策略适应结果乡村旅游未来生计选择影响机制

Key words:  adaptation strategies  adaptation results  rural tourism  future livelihood strategies  influence mechanism

摘要:

［目的］以延安市3个典型乡村旅游地为例，结合可持续生计分析框架和适应性理论，分析农户在乡村旅游扰动下的适应策略与适应模式，定量测度不同适应模式农户的适应结果。厘清农户未来生计策略选择的影响因素及其机制，提出促进农户及乡村旅游地可持续发展的对策。［方法］通过参与性农户评估法及二元回归分析法分析影响农户未来生计策略选择的因素。［结果］（1）旅游开发造成案例地农户自然资本丧失，失地农户由务农或务工为主的单一适应方式向兼业型与非农型转变，分化为4种不同类型的农户，且各类农户在各描述指标方面差异显著。（2）农户的生计资本衡量3个社区旅游开发后的适应结果，生计资本普遍较低且内部各维度差异明显。对比4类农户适应结果可得：复合生计型>务工主导型>旅游服务型>社会保障型。（3）通过二元逻辑回归模型深入解释当下适应结果对农户未来生计策略选择的影响，物质资本、金融资本和社会资本均影响农户选择意愿，其中可借款人数是最关键的影响变量。［结论］农户在旅游开发背景下生计动态适应的影响机制为旅游开发及基于此补偿制度是农户现在生计适应活动的外部起因，按照适应类型以及收入比重，分化为4种模式农户； 现行生计适应策略使农户适应结果迥异，生计资本的储量和结构差异显著，这种差异是农户未来生计选择的直接动因； 3个社区不同类型的旅游开发模式是农户未来生计策略选择分异的推动力量。

Abstract:

Taking three typical rural tourist destinations in Yan′an as an example, combining the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and adaptive theory, this research analyzes the adaptive strategies and adaptive modes of rural households under the disturbance of rural tourism, and quantitatively measures the adaptive results of different adaptive modes. And then it clarifies the influencing factors and mechanisms of farmers′ future livelihood strategy choices, and propose countermeasures to promote sustainable development of farmers and rural tourism destinations. This research analyzed the factors that influenced farmers′ future livelihood strategy choices through participatory farmer assessment and binary regression analysis. The results were showed as follows. (1) Tourism development caused the loss of natural capital of the farmers in the case land, and the land losing farmers changed from a single adaptation mode based on agriculture or labor to part time and non agricultural types, and they were divided into four different types of farmers. There were significant differences in the various descriptive indicators for similar farmers. (2)The livelihood capital of rural households measures the adaptation results after tourism development in the three communities. The livelihood capital was generally low and the internal dimensions were significantly different. Comparing the adaptation results of the four types of farmers could be obtained: compound livelihood type> worker led type> tourism service type> social security type. (3)The binary logistic regression model was used to explain in depth the impact of the current adaptation results on farmers ′future livelihood strategy choices. Material capital, financial capital, and social capital all affected farmers′ choices, and the number of borrowers was the most important influencing variable. The impact mechanism of dynamic adaptation of livelihoods of farmers in the context of tourism development was: tourism development and the compensation system based on this is the external cause of the current livelihood adaptation activities of farmers. According to the type of adaptation and the proportion of income, it is divided into four types of farmers; Adaptation strategies make farmers′ adaptation results very different, and the livelihood capital reserves and structure are significantly different. This difference is the direct driver of future households′ livelihood choices. And the three types of tourism development models of the three communities are the driving force for the differentiation of farmers′ future livelihood strategies.