我国蛋鸡养殖适度规模研究*——基于5省实地调研数据

STUDY ON THE MODERATE SCALE OF LAYING HENS IN CHINA*——BASED ON THE FIELD SURVEY DATA OF FIVE PROVINCES

关键词:  蛋鸡养殖规模化要素投入适度规模机械化养殖

Key words:  laying hens farming  scale  factors input  moderate scale  mechanized farming

摘要:

［目的］我国是世界蛋鸡养殖主要国家之一，目前蛋鸡产业发展仍然呈现“小规模、大群体”局面，蛋鸡规模化发展受限。研究蛋鸡养殖户要素投入及适度规模，对于指导中小养殖户合理决策及宏观上把握蛋鸡养殖规模发展趋势有重要意义。［方法］利用5省实地调研数据，基于农户收益最大化构建最优规划模型，测算我国蛋鸡养殖适度规模。［结果］按照蛋鸡养殖劳动力投入测算的蛋鸡养殖适度存栏量平均值为2430 4万只； 按照资本投入量测算的适度存栏量平均值为2617 1万只； 按照现有养殖面积测算的蛋鸡养殖适度规模平均值为4698 1万只； 调研户实际平均存栏量为2033 8万只。［结论］按照目前农户养殖的劳动力、资本及养殖面积计算，农户养殖适度规模均大于现有养殖规模，在目前的生产要素投入下，养殖户养殖规模还有较大扩展空间； 养殖户在现有生产条件下，应该更多注重劳动力及资本投入，即养殖户扩大生产规模的关键在于如何使用机械化设备代替人工以及如何获得更多资金。同时，1万～5万只蛋鸡存栏户将占据蛋鸡养殖主要市场，蛋鸡养殖规模化发展大势所趋，1万只以下存栏的中小养殖户由于资金、技术等限制将逐步退出。

Abstract:

China is one of the major producers of laying hens in the world. At present, China′s layer industry is, however, still in the situation of "small scale and large group" with limited large scale development of laying hens. This paper aims to estimate the moderate scale of laying hens in China by using an optimal programming model with field survey data of five provinces in order to help small sized and medium sized farmers to make reasonable decisions in line with the development trend of layer farming scale. The findings in this paper showed that, in order to be in an appropriate scale, the average value of moderate stock should be 24 304 heads in terms of labor input; the average quantity of moderate stocks should be 26 171 heads in terms of capital input; the average moderate size should be 46 981 heads in terms of the current farming area. Comparing with 20 338 heads of the actual average stock over the surveyed households, it meant that the average moderate scale estimated by model was larger than farmers′ current average scale, either in terms of farmers′ farming labor force, or capital, or farming area. Given the current input of production factors, there is, therefore, still a large space for farmers to expand their scale of farming. Given the current production conditions, farmers should pay more attention to labor and capital input. In this regard, the key issue for farmers to expand production scale lies in how to use mechanized equipment to replace labor and how to obtain more funds. Meanwhile, layer farmers with their stock of 10 000~50 000 heads will occupy the main market of laying hens farming along with irresistible trend of the large scale development. Small/and medium sized farms at the scale of less than 10 000 heads of laying hens farming will gradually quit due to their disadvantage in capital, technology and others.