西藏贫困的脆弱性和多维性*——以昌都、日喀则为例

VULNERABILITY AND MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF POVERTY IN TIBET*——CASE STUDIES OF FAMDO AND XIGAZE

关键词:  贫困多维性脆弱性入户调查定量测度西藏

Key words:  poverty  multidimensionality  vulnerability  household investigation  quantitative assessment  Tibet

摘要:

［目的］贫困是伴随人类发展社会进程所出现的世界性问题，农村贫困更是困扰发展中国家社会经济发展的难题。定量评估农村贫困的多维性和脆弱性特征，不仅有助于理解贫困本身的复杂性，而且能为制定针对性的扶贫对策提供有力支持。［方法］以西藏典型贫困区昌都和日喀则为例，采用入户调查方法获取一手研究数据，对贫困户多维性和脆弱性进行定量测度和评价。［结果］研究区贫困类型可以划分为人力资本缺乏型、基础设施缺乏型、金融资本—基础设施兼缺型、人力资本—基础设施兼缺型、金融资本—人力资本兼缺型、金融资本—人力资本—基础设施缺乏型、生计途径缺乏型； 研究样本脆弱性指数最大值为097，最小值为-023，平均值为036，不同家庭结构和生计策略下贫困的影响因素差异较大，不同家庭结构下影响贫困脆弱性的最显著因素是家庭收支和贷款，不同生计策略下影响贫困脆弱性的最显著因素是生计多样性、抚养比、受教育程度和家庭收支； 样本户由单一维度引起的贫困现象较少，主要是由多种因素共同引起的多维贫困，生计策略以多样型生计策略为主。［结论］研究结论对理解西藏典型农村地区的贫困特征及其精准脱贫实践具有参考价值。

Abstract:

Poverty is a worldwide concerned issue that accompanied the development process of varied stages of human societies. Specifically, rural poverty is a major problem that plagues the social and economic development of developing countries. The quantitative assessment of the important traits of rural poverty, multidimensionality and vulnerability, can not only benefit the understanding of poverty complexity, but also provide penetrating evidences for targeted poverty alleviation. Taking the representative poverty stricken areas, Qamdo and Xigaze in Tibet as study areas, the first hand research data was obtained through the household investigation and was applied to quantitatively assess the multidimensionality and vulnerability of the rural poverty. The results were showed as follows. (1) The rural poverty of the study area could be divided into eight patterns, i.e., deficient in human capitals, deficient in infrastructures, deficient in financial means & infrastructure, deficient in human capitals & infrastructures, deficient in financial means & human capitals, deficient in financial means & human capitals & infrastructure, deficient in livelihoods approaches; (2) The maximum value of the sample vulnerability index was 0.97, with the minimum value -0.23 and the average value 0.36; (3) The factors influencing poverty under distinct family structures and livelihood strategies were quite different; (4)The most significant factors affecting poverty vulnerability under different family structures were household income, expenditure and loans, and the most significant factor affecting poverty vulnerability under different livelihood strategies was the livelihood diversity, the dependency ratio, the education level, the household income and expenditure. (5)The poverty is caused by combined factors, and the sample household livelihood strategy was mainly diversity livelihood strategy. The study provides a good view to understand the poverty features of typical rural areas in Tibet and deliverers helpful enlightenment for the targeted poverty alleviation as well.