中国传统村落规划思想与启示

APPLICATION AND INDICATION OF CONFUCIANISM IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS

关键词:  传统村落  村落规划  选址布局  民居建筑  启示

Key words:  traditional dwellings  dwellings planning  site layout  local-style dwelling houses building  indication

摘要:

目的 文章通过研究我国传统村落的选址布局、民居建筑设计、公共空间营造等，探究古人的村落规划思想，并总结其对新时期村镇规划的启示。方法 采用文献法、实地调研和对比分析的方法，研究中国传统村落规划理论，实地考察陕北、鲁西南等地的传统古村落，通过对比分析提出对我国村庄规划设计的启示。结果 中国传统村落的规划设计中，在选址方面，受地形、水、交通多方面影响，风水理论得到广泛应用。在村庄布局方面，包括自然式村落空间布局和规则式村落空间布局。在民居建筑设计方面，坚持就地取材，讲究礼制，民居布局以中正为主，民居装饰“和而不同”。在公共空间方面，注重村庄绿化，配套建设宗祠、寺庙、活动场所建设，“比德”思想应用广泛，传统美德通过匾额、雕刻、壁画等体现。结论 中国传统村落是中华文化的物质体现，对于当代新时期美丽乡村规划、文化传承与古村落保护具有重要的借鉴作用。

Abstract:

This research mainly explores the ancient village planning ideas, and summarizes the indication for contemporary village planning by studying the village location, village layout, public space, and cultural space design of ancient Chinese villages. The methods which were the integration of literature method, field investigation and comparison were used in this research. The planning theory of traditional Chinese villages was studied by the literature method, and the traditional ancient villages in northern Shaanxi, southwestern Shandong and other places were investigated on the spot. In addition, the enlightenment for the planning and design of villages in China was proposed through the method of comparison. During the planning and design of ancient Chinese villages, regarding site selection, Feng Shui theory were widely used due to the influence of terrain, water, and transportation. In terms of village layout, it included natural village spatial layout and regular village spatial layout. And in the architectural design of residential buildings, the local materials and valuing the etiquette system were took inside the residential buildings, Zhongzheng was the mainstay, and the residential decorations were "harmonious but different". Concerning public space and cultural design, the greening of villages, supplemented by the construction of ancestral hall, temples, and event venues were placed on emphasis. Besides, the Buddhism was extensively used, and traditional virtues were embodied through plaques, sculptures, and murals. It concludes that traditional Chinese villages are the material manifestation of Chinese culture, and the important reference for beautiful villages planning, cultural inheritance and ancient villages’ protection in the new era.