欧盟和美国的农业生态补偿政策及启示

AGRICULTURAL ECO-COMPENSATION POLICY OF THE EU AND THE UNITED STATES: REVELATION TO CHINA

关键词:  农业生态补偿  欧盟  美国  国际经验  制度设计

Key words:  agricultural eco-compensation  European Union  United States  international experience  policy design

摘要:

目的 欧盟和美国是世界上农业生态补偿政策体系较完善、实践丰富的地区，在农业生态保护上取得了积极的成效，其制度安排对于完善我国农业生态补偿制度具有重要借鉴意义。方法 文章采用文献分析法和对比归纳法，从政策目标、政策工具和法律保障三个方面比较分析了欧盟和美国现行的农业生态补偿政策及特征，并针对我国农业生态补偿模式的不足提出了若干完善我国农业生态补偿制度的建议。结果 欧盟和美国在政策中广泛采取正向激励的政策工具，依靠完备的法律体系建立起高度市场化的农业生态补偿模式，但在政策保障和管理评估上投入巨大，正在寻求更具成本效益的补偿方案。结论 我国的农业生态补偿存在政策碎片化、市场机制保障和农民参与度不足的问题，建议借鉴欧盟和美国农业生态补偿制度中协调农业和环境政策、完善绿色金融体系和提升政策透明度的做法来改善。

Abstract:

The European Union and the United States have highly complete and practical agricultural eco-compensation policy systems, which have led to various positive results in their practice of agricultural environmental protection. This may significantly inform the improvement of the agricultural eco-compensation policy system in China. The current paper presented an analysis of relevant literature and adopted the comparative induction method in comparing the latest agricultural eco-compensation policies in the EU and the U.S. from three perspectives, namely policy rationale, policy instruments and legal regulations. Then it proposed some suggestions for the establishment of a Chinese agricultural eco-compensation policy system by targeting the weak points in the existing plan. The results were listed as follows. The EU and the U.S. had widely practiced positive incentive policy instruments, which relied on complete legal systems to ensure the smooth operation of the highly market-oriented mechanism. In the meantime, however, the two were also facing the problem of huge investments in both policy guarantees and management evaluation, which drove them to seek for more cost-effective compensation schemata. The conclusions are showed as follows. Nonetheless, such measures as integrating agricultural and environmental policies, strengthening green financial and enhancing policy openness adopted by the EU and the U.S still shed some lights on tackling the insufficiency in systematization, guarantee of market mechanisms and farmer participation in the Chinese agricultural eco-compensation policy system.