中国冬小麦霜冻灾害研究进展

REVIEW ON FROST DAMAGE OF WINTER WHEAT IN CHINA

关键词:  冬小麦  霜冻灾害  灾害指标  时空分布  监测预警

Key words:  winter wheat  frost damage  disaster index  spatio-temporal distribution  monitoring and early warning

摘要:

目的 霜冻害是造成冬小麦减产的冬春季主要农业气象灾害之一，明确冬小麦霜冻灾害的研究现状，对把握今后国内冬小麦霜冻害研究方向具有重要意义。方法 文章基于现有研究成果，从霜冻害概念及分类出发，对冬小麦霜冻害影响与危害、致灾成因、灾害指标、分布特征、监测预警及防控措施等方面进行了系统归纳阐述，并对未来小麦霜冻害研究发展趋势进行了探讨。结果 （1）我国冬小麦霜冻害主要发生在春、秋两季，以春霜冻为主，由于拔节后冬小麦抗霜冻能力迅速下降，霜冻害通过影响小麦正常抽穗灌浆、推迟生育进程，从而影响小麦产量及品质。（2）我国冬小麦霜冻发生范围广，北方地区发生频率及受灾强度总体上大于南方，主要集中在黄淮海、西北、黄土高原冬麦区等。（3）近年来霜冻害发生区域、频率和强度有明显的减弱态势，但黄淮海北部、新疆等部分地区冬小麦霜冻致灾风险增加。（4）冬小麦霜冻害指标可分为形态学指标、气象学指标及综合指数指标，主要基于受冻率、减产幅度、最低温度为判识因子构建。近年来霜冻害监测研究取得一定研究进展，监测预警体系的建设尚处于起步阶段。结论 基于霜冻灾变过程构建动态化霜冻害综合指标、加强冬小麦霜冻害模型构建和风险评估、强化霜冻害监测预警技术研究是今后重点研究方向。

Abstract:

Frost damage is one of the main agrometeorological disasters which cause the decrease of winter wheat in winter and spring. To clarify the research status of winter wheat frost damage is of great significance to grasp the future research direction of winter wheat frost damage in China. Based on the existing research results, starting from the concept and classification of frost damage, this paper systematically summarized and expounded the effects and hazards, causes of disaster, disaster indicators, distribution characteristics, monitoring and warning and prevention measures of frost damage of winter wheat, and discussed the development trend of wheat frost damage research in the future. The results were listed as follows. (1) Frost damage of winter wheat mainly occurred in spring and autumn, with spring frosts dominating. Due to the rapid decline of frost resistance of winter wheat after jointing, frost damage affected wheat yield and quality by affecting the normal heading filling and delaying the growth process. (2) Winter wheat frost had a wide range of occurrence, and the frequency and intensity of frost disaster in north China were generally greater than that in south China, mainly concentrated in winter wheat areas of Huang-Huai-hai, Northwest China and Loess Plateau. (3) In recent years, the occurrence area, frequency and intensity of frost damage had decreased obviously, but the risk of winter wheat frost disaster increased in the northern part of Huang-Huai-Hai and Xinjiang. (4) Frost damage index of winter wheat could be divided into morphological index, meteorological index and comprehensive index , which were mainly established based on frost rate, yield reduction range and minimum temperature as identification factors. In recent years, the research of frost damage monitoring had made some progress, and the construction of monitoring and warning system was still in the initial stage. Therefore, the future research should focus on establishing dynamic frost damage comprehensive index based on the frost disaster process, strengthening frost damage model and risk assessment of winter wheat, and strengthening frost damage monitoring and early warning technology.