考虑有效劳动力影响的花椒种植型新型经营主体土地适度规模研究

CONSIDERING THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE LABOR FORCE, THE LAND SIZE OF THE NEW BUSINESS ENTITY OF PLANTING TYPE IS MODERATELY LARGE

关键词:  土地管理  丘陵山区  适度规模  有效劳动力  新型经营主体

Key words:  land management  hilly mountainous areas  moderate scale  effective labour force  new business entities

摘要:

目的 受地形因素制约，山区地块小、坡度大、基础设施薄弱，短时间内较难实现大规模机械替代劳动力，加之青壮年劳动力外流日益增多，农村剩余劳动力成为影响新型经营主体规模经营的关键因素。探索有效劳动力约束下新型经营主体适度规模的“度”，对推进山区农业现代化进程具有重要意义。方法 文章基于江津区现代农业园区138户花椒种植新型经营主体的微观调研数据，衡量区域环境及劳动力个体特征等多因素叠加影响下新型经营主体的有效劳动力数量，进而评价劳动力约束下经济—社会—生态3个维度新型经营主体的综合效益，并以综合效益最大化为目标构建计量经济模型确定最优劳均经营规模，分析其规模经济。结果 （1）不同类型新型经营主体的有效劳动力数量具有明显差异，从多到少依次为农民合作社（13.03人）、农业企业（10.74人）、家庭农场（4.11人）、种养大户（3.15人）；（2）不同类型新型经营主体综合效益差异显著，从高到低依次为农业企业（18.12）、农民合作社（13.66）、家庭农场（8.89）、种养大户（7.56）；（3）研究区单个有效劳动力的劳均最优适度经营规模为2.64 hm²/人，兼顾不同经营主体的有效劳动力数量，户均最优适度经营规模从大到小依次为农民合作社（34.39 hm²）、农业企业（28.35 hm²）、家庭农场（10.85 hm²）、种养大户（8.32 hm²）。研究区当前达到最优适度经营规模的新型经营主体数量偏少，仅15.9%，其中包括6.5%的农民合作社、5.1%的家庭农场、2.9%的农业企业、1.4%的种养大户。结论 随着花椒种植新型经营主体土地经营规模的增加，单位土地面积的生产成本降低，与拟合最优规模的倒“U”型特征相符，即目前处于规模报酬递增阶段。该文旨在识别有效劳动力约束下各类花椒种植新型经营主体的土地适度规模，以助于推动山区培育新型经营主体，发展农业适度规模经营。

Abstract:

Restricted by terrain factors, small plots, large slopes, and weak infrastructure in mountainous areas make it difficult to achieve large-scale mechanical replacement of labor in a short period of time. In addition, the outflow of young and middle-aged labor is increasing, and rural surplus labor has become a key factor affecting the scale operation of new business entities. Exploring the ' degree ' of the appropriate scale of new business entities under the constraint of effective labor force is of great significance to promote the process of agricultural modernization in mountainous areas. Based on the micro-survey data of 138 Zanthoxylum bungeanum planting new business entities in Jiangjin District Modern Agricultural Park, this paper measured the effective labor force of new business entities under the influence of multiple factors such as regional environment and individual characteristics of labor force, and then evaluated the comprehensive benefits of new business entities in three dimensions of economy, society and ecology under the constraint of labor force, and constructed an econometric model with the goal of maximizing the comprehensive benefits to determine the optimal scale of operation per labor and analyze its economies of scale. The Results were listed as follows. (1) The number of effective labor force of different types of new business entities was significantly different, and the order from high to low was farmers' cooperatives (13.03), agricultural enterprises (10.74), family farms (4.11) and large farmers (3.15). (2) The comprehensive benefits of different types of new business entities were significantly different from each other, and the descending order was agricultural enterprises (18.12), farmer cooperatives (13.66), family farms (8.89) and large farmers (7.56). (3) The optimal moderate scale of labor per effective labor in the study area was 2.64 hm²/person. Taking into account the total number of effective labors of different business entities, the optimal moderate scale of household was farmer cooperatives (34.39 hm²), agricultural enterprises (28.35 hm²), family farms (10.85 hm²) and large farmers (8.32 hm²). At present, the number of new business entities that had reached the optimal and appropriate scale of operation in the study area was relatively small, only 15.9%, among which 6.5% of farmers’ cooperatives, 5.1% of family farms, 2.9% of agricultural enterprises and 1.4% of large-scale farmers had reached the optimal and appropriate scale of operation. In summary, with the increase of land management scale of the new type of operation subject, the production cost per unit land area decreases, which is consistent with the inverted ' U ' type characteristic of fitting the optimal scale, that is, it is currently in the stage of increasing returns to scale. The purpose of this paper is to identify the appropriate scale of land for all kinds of pepper planting new business entities under the constraint of effective labor force, so as to help promote the cultivation of new business entities in mountainous areas and develop appropriate scale management of agriculture.