我国三大粮食作物粪肥还田推广应用路径探索

ROUTE EXPLORATION OF MANURE EXTENSION AND APLLICATION ON THREE MAJOR GRAIN CROPS IN CHINA

关键词:  畜禽粪污  粪肥  就地就近还田利用  粮食作物  绿色种养循环农业

Key words:  livestock and poultry manure  manure  utilized locally and nearly  grain crops  green farming and circular agriculture

摘要:

目的 畜禽粪污是我国最主要且优质的有机肥料资源，约占有机肥资源的67%^［1］。受养殖业和种植业规模化发展影响，传统农业循环模式逐渐转变，种养脱节问题日益凸显。大量畜禽粪污未被有效利用，不仅造成了巨大的资源浪费，同时也增加了农业面源污染风险。方法 文章以三大粮食作物为例，从畜禽粪污资源化利用途径、大田作物粪肥还田潜力和我国粪肥还田发展情况等方面对我国畜禽粪污资源化利用概况进行阐述，深入分析我国三大粮食作物粪肥还田技术推广应用的限制因素并提出对策与建议，以期为加快推进粪肥在三大粮食作物上的大面积推广应用提供参考。结果 （1）肥料化是当前应用最为广泛的畜禽粪污资源化利用途径，未来我国畜禽粪污还田的潜力主要是在大田粮食作物上；（2）从作物养分需求角度测算粪肥还田潜力，我国三大粮食作物基本可以消纳每年产生的畜禽粪污，但在实际生产中，经济效益、区域农业生产条件等多重因素叠加影响了粪肥的还田利用效率；（3）我国大田粮食作物粪肥还田利用受粪肥还田造成的生产成本增加、还田窗口期短、专业社会化服务缺乏、粪肥施用存在安全风险和田间配套设施设备缺乏等因素影响；（4）从种植端出发，坚持“以地定畜、以种定养、以养促种”原则，构建合理的种养结构布局，通过加快粪肥还田服务组织培育，加强对粪肥原料监管，建立污染防控的限量指标体系，筛选适宜的粪肥施用机械，制定适应不同区域的粪肥还田技术方案，打造示范区，强化培训宣传等手段，推进三大粮食作物粪肥还田利用。结论 新形势下，发展绿色种养循环农业，重点在大田作物上推广粪肥就地就近还田利用，是补齐我国畜禽粪污资源化利用短板，破解当前种养脱节难题，促进农业绿色低碳发展的重要支撑。

Abstract:

Livestock and poultry manure is the most important and high-quality organic fertilizer resource in China, accounting for about 67%^[1].Affected by the large-scaled development of breeding industry and planting industry, the traditional agricultural cycle model has gradually changed, the problem of disconnection between planting and breeding has become increasing prominent. A large amount of livestock and poultry manure is not used effectively, which not only causes a huge waste of resource, but also increases the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution. Taking the three major grain crops as examples, this paper expounded the general situation of livestock and poultry manure recycling utilization in China from aspects of the way of recycling utilization of livestock and poultry manure, grain crops potential absorption capacity of manure and the development of manure return to field, and analyzed the limiting factors of promotion and application of manure returning technology for the three major grain crops in China, then proposed measures and suggestions to accelerate the large-scale extension and application of manure on the three major grain crops. The results were listed as follows. (1) The most widely utilization way of livestock and poultry manure was fertilizer, and the potential of returning livestock and poultry manure to the field in the future would mainly focus on the three major grain crops. (2) From the perspective of crop nutrient demand, the amount of nutrients provided by manure could match to the nutrient requirements of crops. But the utilization efficiency of livestock and poultry manure could be affected by economic benefits, regional agricultural production conditions and other multiple factors in the reality. (3) Such as increased production costs, short period of returning manure, lacking of professional socialization service, safety risk of manure application and lacking of specialization facilities and equipment were the mainly limited factors of returning efficiency of manure to the three major grain crops. (4) The principle of "determining livestock by land, breeding by seed, and promoting seed by breeding" should be adhered, and build a reasonable planting structure layout. And something needed to be done to promote the returning of manure to three major grain crops, such as the cultivation of service organizations, supervision of manure raw materials, establishment of limited index system for pollution prevention and control, screening suitable manure application machinery, formulating technical schemes for manure returning to the field, which suitable for different regions, building demonstration areas and enhancing propagation and training. Therefore, under the new situation, developing green farming and circular agriculture, with a focus on returning the manure to the grain crops locally and nearly, is an important support for remedying the shortcomings of livestock and poultry manure recycling utilization, breaking the difficulties of disconnection between planting and breeding, and promoting the green and low-carbon development of agriculture.