近代农业分区实践演变及其对农业资源区划的现实启示

EVOLUTION OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL ZONING PRACTICES AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE REGIONALIZATION

关键词:  农业区划  近代农业  发展阶段  动力机制  历史启示

Key words:  agricultural regionalization  modern agriculture  development stages  driving mechanism  historical enlightenment

摘要:

目的 系统梳理中国近代农业发展面临的困难及农业分区阶段与形成机制，为新一轮农业资源区划工作提供经验借鉴。方法 文章采用文献研究法、历史分析法和归纳分析法，基于区域分异视角，围绕现实困境、演进阶段、形成机制和现实启示开展研究。结果 （1）近代农业发展面临战争频发与空间格局重构、制度僵化与治理碎片化、技术滞后与推广体系缺失、外部干预与依附性发展等现实困难，近代农业分区经历了晚清经验分区、民国前期科学探索、战争时期应急生产3个演进阶段，一系列实践探索有效提升了近代农业与社会经济发展水平。（2）近代农业分区的转型机制在于自然分异与传统农耕智慧的创新实践、战争危机与粮食需求的现实困境、农学西渐与科教体系建设的融合重塑、商品经济与农业制度变革的系统治理。（3）借鉴近代农业分区的深刻教训与历史经验，新一轮农业资源区划应加强区划制度体系长效化、区划知识体系自主化和区划方法体系数智化等工作机制建设。结论 近代农业分区实现了从传统经验型向近代科学型转变，但缺乏持续性和稳定性，新一轮农业资源区划应以多方协作为制度保障、以人地协调为核心理念，以全域协同为技术路径，构建适应新时代要求的现代农业空间治理体系。

Abstract:

Historical experience and reference for the new round of agricultural resource regionalization can be provided through systematically sorting out the difficulties faced by agricultural development and summarizing the evolutionary stages and formation mechanisms of modern agricultural zoning. From the perspective of regional differentiation, methods of literature research, historical analysis and inductive analysis were adopted to carry out research focusing on practical dilemmas, evolutionary stages, formation mechanisms and practical enlightenment. The results were outlined as follows. (1) The development of modern agriculture was confronted with multiple practical difficulties, including frequent wars and reconstruction of spatial patterns, rigid institutions and fragmented governance, backward agricultural technologies and imperfect extension systems, as well as external intervention and dependent development. The practice of modern agricultural zoning experienced three evolutionary stages, including empirical regional division in the late Qing Dynasty, scientific exploration in the early Republic of China, and emergency production during wars. A series of relevant practices effectively promoted the development level of agriculture, society and economy in modern China. (2) The transformation mechanism of agricultural zoning in modern China lay in four driving forces, including innovative practice combining natural differentiation with traditional farming wisdom, practical pressure derived from war crises and grain security demand, integrated reshaping resulting from the introduction of Western agronomy and the construction of agricultural science and education systems, and systematic governance boosted by commodity economy and agricultural institutional reforms. (3) Learned from the historical experience and profound lessons of modern agricultural zoning, the new round of agricultural resources regionalization should strengthen the construction of working mechanisms, including the long-term institutional system of regionalization, independent knowledge system of regionalization, and digital and intelligent methodological system of regionalization. In summary, although, modern agricultural zoning realized the paradigm transformation from traditional experience-based to modern scientific, it is deficient in sustainability and stability. Therefore, the new round of agricultural resources regionalization should construct a modern agricultural spatial governance system adapting to the requirements of the new era by taking multi-party collaboration as the institutional guarantee, human-land coordination as the core concept, and all-region coordination as the technical path.