畜禽粪污资源化利用的治理逻辑研究——基于“契约治理+关系治理”的分析框架

THE GOVERNANCE LOGIC OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY MANURE——BASED ON THE FRAMEWORK OF “CONTRACT GOVERNANCE + RELATIONAL GOVERNANCE”

关键词:  粪污资源化利用  契约治理  关系治理  利益联结  社会关系网络

Key words:  manure resource utilization  contract governance  relational governance  interest linkage  social networks

摘要:

目的 在我国种植业和养殖业普遍分离的大背景下，如何稳定畜禽粪污资源化利用中各参与主体间的契约关系，促进沼液或粪肥顺利还田，对于我国畜禽养殖业绿色转型和高质量发展具有重要意义。方法 文章基于“契约治理+关系治理”的分析框架和典型案例，深入剖析了在畜禽粪污资源化利用中，政府、畜禽养殖企业、新型农业经营主体和广大小种植户间的治理逻辑。结果 （1）政府强有力的外部监管是畜禽养殖企业实施粪污资源化利用的核心驱动，而政府的项目补贴不仅减轻了企业前期的投资负担，更是对企业实施粪污资源化利用的软约束。（2）在畜禽养殖企业与新型农业经营主体的契约治理中，基于紧密利益联结的激励相容机制、基于专有资产投资的相互锁定机制和“违约立惩”的违约惩罚机制，共同稳定了双方的契约关系，提高了契约治理效能。（3）在新型农业经营主体与广大小种植户的关系治理中，紧密利益联结机制的延伸、基于单边专有资产投资的“自我锁定”机制、基于乡村社会关系网络的个人声誉机制、信任机制和技术扩展机制，共同提升了关系治理效能。（4）以新型农业经营主体为中间载体，畜禽养殖企业与新型农业经营主体间的契约治理以及新型农业经营主体与小种植户间的关系治理，纵向嵌合、相互补充，稳定了三者之间的契约关系，实现了沼液科学、有序还田。结论 应加强畜禽粪污资源化利用的常态化监管，探索构建基于多元利益联结机制的沼液消纳合约，高度重视乡村社会关系网络在沼液还田“最后一公里”中的积极作用。

Abstract:

Under the background of the general separation of planting and breeding industry in China, stabilizing the contractual relationships among stakeholders in the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure and facilitating the smooth application of biogas slurry or manure to fields are crucial for the green transformation and high-quality development of livestock and poultry industry in China. Based on the analytical framework of "contract governance + relational governance" and typical cases, this research analyzed the governance logic among the government, livestock and poultry enterprises, new agricultural operators, and smallholder farmers in manure resource utilization. The results showed that strong external government regulation serves as the core driver for livestock and poultry enterprises to implement manure resource utilization. Meanwhile, government project subsidies not only alleviate the initial investment burden on these enterprises but also function as a soft constraint encouraging their adoption of such practices. In contract governance between enterprises and new agricultural operators, incentive compatibility mechanisms based on close interest linkages, mutual lock-in mechanisms via specific asset investments, and "immediate penalty for breach" mechanisms collectively stabilize contractual relationship and enhance governance efficiency.In relational governance between new agricultural operators and smallholder farmers, extended interest linkages, "self-locking" mechanism based on specific asset investment by the new agricultural operators, personal reputation mechanism, trust mechanism, and technology diffusion mechanism rooted in rural social networks jointly improved relational governance efficiency.Through this framework, with new agricultural operatorsserving as intermediary carriers, the contract governance between enterprises and new agricultural operators, along with the relational governance between new agricultural operators and smallholder farmers, are vertically integrated and mutually reinforcing. This integration stabilizes the relationships among the three parties and enables the scientific and orderly return of biogas slurry to farmland.Therefore, regular oversight of resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure should be strengthened. Contracts for biogas slurry utilization based on multi-interest linkage mechanisms should be explored. And the proactive role of rural social networks in the "final mile" of land application of biogas slurry deserves high attention.