松嫩平原中部农作物空间格局时空变化

Spatial and temporal changes of crop spatial patterns in middle of Songnen plain

关键词:  松嫩平原  农作物  空间格局  时空变化

Key words:  Songnen plain  crop  spatial patterns  temporal and spatial changes

摘要:

【目的】在国家一系列农业供给侧政策，如大豆目标价格、大豆生产者补贴、水稻最低保护价下调、“玉米调减”、“轮作休耕”等实施的背景下，对松嫩平原中部地区主要农作物年际空间格局时空变化进行分析，为国家相关农业政策的制定提供依据。【方法】选择松嫩平原中部（海伦市）为研究区域，利用2014、2015、2016、2017 和2018 年5 年农作物空间分布数据，选取水稻、玉米、大豆和其他作物为研究对象，分析年际间农作物空间格局变化、作物面积转换、作物轮作等。【结果】（1）水稻2014—2017年面积持续增加，2018年水稻面积减少，大豆、玉米5 年间年际波动较大，其他作物面积持续增加。（2）2014—2015、2015—2016、2016—2017 和2017—2018 年这4个时段旱田轮作区域的面积占5 年间旱田公共面积的51.72%、50.36%、45.57%、55.32%；玉米和大豆之间的轮作分别占轮作面积的94.42%、93.54%、84.28%、81.76%。（3）4个时段旱田公共区作物轮作次数分别为0次、1次、2次、3次和4次的旱田面积分别为28 248.60、48 695.32、96 812.60、69 538.50、25 731.23 hm2，分别占旱田公共区面积的10.50%、18.10%、35.99%、25.85%、9.56%。【结论】（1）5 年间海伦市作物空间格局发生了较大变化，水稻总体呈增长趋势，其种植面积和比例2017 年之前持续增加，年增长率超过10%，2018 年略有降低；玉米、大豆种植面积和比例总体呈下降趋势，年际间波动剧烈，且变化趋势相反；其他作物种植面积和比例持续增加，种植比例提高近5倍。（2）2014—2015、2015—2016、2016—2017 和2017—2018 年这4个时段中旱田轮作区域面积高于45%，2017—2018 年轮作面积最高，达到55.32%；玉米和大豆之间的轮作比例总体呈下降趋势，但玉米大豆轮作为主要的轮作方式，高于轮作面积的80%；4个时段均轮作的区域面积不足旱田公共区面积的10%，玉米、大豆的重茬和迎茬仍较为普遍。

Abstract:

［Purpose］Against the background of a series of national agricultural supply-side policies：target price of soybean，subsidy of soybean producers，lowering of minimum protective price of rice，lowering of maize and fallow of rotation etc，analyzing spatial and temporal variations of interannual spatial pattern of main crops in middle of Songnen plain provides a basis for the formulation of relevant national agricultural policies.［Method］This study chose the Songnen plain（Hailun city）as the study area，used spatial distribution data of crops in 2014，2015，2016，2017 and 2018，selected rice，maize，soybean and other crops as the research objects，and analyzed interannual crop spatial pattern changes，crop area conversion and crop rotation etc.［Result］The results indicate that（1）Rice planting area increased continuously from 2014 to 2017，and reduced in 2018. Interannual fluctuation of soybean and maize planting area was large，and other crops increased continuousty.（2）The rotation area of 4 periods accounted for 51.72%，50.36%，45.57% and 55.32% of the public dryland area respectively. The rotation between maize and soybean accounted for 94.42%，93.54%，84.28% and 81.76% of the rotation area respectively.（3）The number of crop rotation was 0，1，2，3 and 4 times in dryland public area，and its area was 28 248.60，48 695.32，96 812.60，69 538.50 and 25 731.23 hm2，which respectively accounted for 10.50%，18.10%，35.99%，25.85% and 9.56% of the public area of dryland.［Conclusion］（1）In the past five years， great changes had taken place in the spatial pattern of crops in Hailun City，where rice showed an increasing trend overall，and its planting area and scale increased continuously until 2017. The annual growth rate of rice was over 10% until 2017，but there was a slight decrease in 2018. The planting area and scale of maize and soybean showed a downward trend overall，and interannual fluctuations were intense，and the trend was opposite. The planting area and scale of other crops increased continuously and the crop planting scales increased nearly five times.（2）Dryland rotation area was over 45% in four periods：2014—2015，2015—2016，2016—2017，2017—2018，and the 2017—2018 period was the highest， reaching 55.32%. The rotation ratio between maize and soybean showed a downward trend，but it was still the main way of crop rotation，more than 80% of crop rotation area. The crop area which was rotated in four periods was less than 10% of the public dryland area. Soybean and maize continuous cropping and alternate cropping is still common.