乡村集中社区建设模式、运作机制及其比较——以太仓市4个社区为例

COMPARISION OF CONSTRUCTION TYPES AND OPERATION MECHANISMS ON RURAL CENTRALIZED COMMUNITIES——A CASE STUDY OF FOUR COMMUNITIES IN TAICANG

关键词:  乡村集中社区 建设模式 运作机制 比较分析 太仓

Key words:  rural concentrated community  constructing mode  operating mechanism  comparative analysis  Taicang

摘要:

“人”、“地”与“钱”一直是乡村集中社区建设的核心问题。基于乡村集中社区建设中“人”、“地”、“钱”来源及其不同的组合关系，可将乡村集中社区建设划分为若干种模式。文章基于乡村调查，以太仓市4个社区为典型案例，将具体案例嵌入到特定的、地方化的社会经济制度场景中，对不同乡村集中社区建设模式及其运作机制进行解析和比较。分析结果表明，根据是否享有拥有宅基地及其获得方式、集中社区建设资金分摊状况、社区居民身份及组成，将太仓市乡村集中社区建设划分为“村内并点”的集居模式、公寓房式的城镇社区模式、宅基地跨村置换的集居模式和宅基地使用权市场化的集居模式。距离城镇远近、村庄经济实力差异、地方政府政策与资金约束状况变化，不仅是形成不同乡村集中社区建设模式的重要因素，也是影响乡村集中社区建设运作的关键变量。以农村土地制度创新为突破口，基于农业现代化、土地利用集约化等多重目标，赋予农民更多的选择权、建立“农民—村集体—地方政府”利益共享机制对推动乡村集中社区建设具有普遍意义。

Abstract:

The population, land and fund are core issues for the construction of the rural concentrated community. There are several constructing models of rural concentrated community from the resources and relationships of the population, land and fund in the rural concentrated community. Based on rural investigation from 4 communities in Taicang, this paper found that there were four modes of the rural concentrated community construction. Choosing one rural concentrated community from each typical mode as a case study, the paper analyzed the resources of the residents, land and constructing fund. Based on the relationships of the residents, land and constructing fund, this paper summarized the characteristic of four modes: (1) the first mode was village merging mode which was the result of the development of high collective economy in the village. The residents moved to the concentrated communities in the village scale for the space of the collective economic development. (2)The second mode was township community mode which was the result of the land requires for housing of rural residents. For new house or good life condition, farmers exchanged their homesteads to the house in rural concentrated communities near the city or a town. The residents in this mode concentrated in trans-village scale. (3) The third mode was homestead trans-village exchange mode which was similar with the second one.The most prominent feature of this mode was the right of their homestead. The residents in the homestead trans-village exchange mode still reserved homestead use right. (4) The fourth mode was homestead use right marketization mode. The residents in this mode can get the land use right from the market. Through the comparison of these four modes of rural concentrated communities, this paper considered that the location of village, the discrepancy of village′s economic strength , the changes of local governments′ policies and capital restrictions were the important factors creating different rural concentrated community construction. It was important to set multi-objectives of rural concentrated community construction, agricultural modernization, intensive rural land use and rural living environment improvement, and to construct interests -sharing mechanism among peasant, collective economic organization and local government and empowering more options right for farmers.