我国农用地资源态势分析与对策建议——基于国家农业资源台账

TREND ANALYSIS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES IN CHINA——BASED ON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES ACCOUNT

关键词:  农业资源台账 农用地 耕地质量 农业发展 粮食安全

Key words:  agricultural resources  agricultural land  arable land quality  agricultural development  food security

摘要:

［目的］为切实解决我国长期面临的农业资源禀赋家底不清楚、农业资源更新不及时、基础数据共享不充分等实际问题，中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所率先启动了“国家重要农业资源台账数据”系统建设和服务应用。［方法］文章在国家重要农业资源台账数据基础上，根据研究内容与分析要求，甄选出了典型样点县（市）农用地资源数据库（2010~2015年），作为农用地资源态势分析和研究的依据。［结果］（1）耕地、林地是典型样点县农用地主要类型。耕地主要分布在我国中东部地区，占土地总面积均在40%以上。2010~2015年，全国各样点农用地结构均发生了明显变化。耕地呈现总体增加的态势，年均增长率为1.76%，主要分布在土地后备资源较丰富地区，耕地减少的地区主要在快速发展的中部区域。（2）2010~2015年耕地质量呈现整体下降态势，这种趋势在我国中部经济增长较快的地区尤其明显。草地、园地面积均有明显减少，年均减少2.10%和2.02%。（3）分析土壤有机质含量平均值、全氮含量平均值、速效钾含量平均值及土壤pH发现，东北地区样点的有机质含量高，由北向南逐渐降低； 南部地区的土壤全氮含量、有效磷含量较高，华北地区普遍偏低。土壤速效钾含量最高的地区分布在中部地区，而南部土壤速效钾含量较低。中部地区的pH普遍偏高，土壤呈碱性，南部及北部地区的pH偏低，土壤多为酸性。［结论］近些年来我国耕地数量保持稳定甚至有所增加，但耕地质量下降的问题不容忽视。从提高农业综合生产能力、促进农业农村可持续发展的战略高度，亟须进一步加大农用地资源整治与保护力度，加快国家农业资源基础数据建设与共享，加强农业资源利用领域前沿的技术方法和科学决策研究，为新时代农业农村优先发展、推进农业现代化提供参考依据。

Abstract:

To solve practical problems in China, such as unclear endowments of natural agricultural sources, untimely changing survey of agricultural resource, and insufficient sharing of basic data, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) has taken the lead in starting system construction and service application of "Remote Data Collection System of National Important Agricultural Resources Account ". Based on these data, databases of agricultural land resources (2010~2015) in typical sample counties (cities) were selected to study the trend analysis and countermeasures for agricultural land resources. Results demonstrated that (1) Arable land and woodland were the main types of agricultural land in these sample counties. Arable land mainly distributed in mid-eastern China, accounting for over 40% of the total land. During 2010~2015, arable land presented an increased trend with an average annual growth rate of 1.76%, which was mainly distributed in the regions with rich reserve land resource. Meanwhile, the loss of arable land occurred in the central regions where witnessed fast developments. (2) Arable land quality declination was distinct during 2010~2015, especially in the regions with rapid economic growths in central China. Both areas of grassland and garden were significantly reduced by averages of 2.10% and 2.02% per year, respectively. (3) Through analyzing the mean values of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and soil pH, it found that sample points in northeast China had high organic matter content presenting a gradually decrease from north to south. Yet, the content of total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the southern region was higher and that in north China. (4) Arable land quantity kept stable or even increased in recent years, but the quality descend problem should not be ignored. For improving the agricultural comprehensive production capacity and promoting the sustainable development of agricultural and rural areas, it was urgent to further strengthen the agricultural land consolidation and protection, accelerate the construction and sharing of basic date of national agricultural resources, and strengthen the research of technical methods and scientific decision-making in the frontier of agricultural resources utilization, which could provide the references for priority development of agricultural and rural areas in the new era and promote agricultural modernization.