地理资本视角下村级多维贫困测度及贫困类型划分*——基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村调研数据

MEASUREMENT AND CLASSIFICATION FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY OF POOR VILLAGES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CAPITAL*——BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA OF 1919 POVERTY-STRICKEN VILLAGES IN CHONGQING

关键词:  地理资本多维贫困测度贫困类型贫困村重庆

Key words:  geographical capital  measurement of multidimensional poverty  types of poverty  poor villages  Chongqing

摘要:

［目的］精确测度村级多维贫困以及划分贫困类型，是当前提高贫困识别精准度，进一步推进农村精准脱贫的战略需求。［方法］文章基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村的调研数据，构建地理资本视角下村域多维贫困测度指标体系，并采用多维贫困测度模型、指标贡献度模型和最小方差方法系统揭示了重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度、贫困类型及其空间分布特征。［结果］（1）重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度呈两端大中间小的“哑铃状”结构，贫困程度极化特征显著，区域发展具有不平衡性。空间分布上，贫困村多维贫困程度呈从渝东北、渝东南分别向渝西地区逐渐减轻的特征，贫困村多维贫困程度存在明显的地域性差异； （2）重庆市贫困村贫困类型主要分为单资本缺失型、双资本缺失型、三资本缺失型、四资本缺失型4个类型，其占比分别为907%、2027%、6691%、375%，三资本缺失型是最主要的贫困类型。［结论］重庆市贫困村致贫因素复杂多样，需要根据各自的贫困特征，因地制宜地开展差别化的帮扶工作。科学推进精准扶贫战略，力争实现2020年全面脱贫。

Abstract:

Poverty has long plagued countries around the world, and eliminating poverty and achieving social justice and fairness are the core objectives and strategic requirements of the economic and social development of all countries. Over the past 20 years, Chongqoing has made great achievements in poverty reduction. However, by the end of 2014, there were still 1.65 million poor people in rural areas of Chongqoing, becoming the biggest weakness for building moderately prosperous society. Under this circumstances, to measure the multi dimensional poverty and classify its types according to the drivers of poverty at village level is useful for improving the accuracy of poverty recognition and taking targeted measures in poverty alleviation. Based on the field survey data of 1,919 poverty stricken villages in Chongqing, this paper constructed a multi dimensional poverty measurement index system for villages from the perspective of geographic capital first, and then analyzed the degree of multidimensional poverty at village scale, the type of multidimensional poverty and its characteristics of spatial distribution by adopting the multidimensional poverty measurement model, index contribution model, and minimum variance method. Taking 1919 poverty stricken villages in Chongqing as a case, the results showed:1）The distribution of poor villages had an obvious regional characteristic from the perspectives of multi dimensional poverty level and poverty size, showing a pattern of high in the Northeast Chongqing, Southeast Chongqing and low in the West Chongqing. The amount distributions of poverty stricken villages with different levels of multi dimensional poverty took the shape of a dumbbell with small in the middle and big on two sides in Chongqing, which showed a typical feature of polarization. 2）There were obvious regional differences in the spatial distribution of poverty in poor villages: The degree of multidimensional poverty was gradually reduced respectively from Northeast Chongqing, Southeast Chongqing to the West Chongqing. Chongqing′s poverty stricken villages were driven by multiple poverty types. The types of poverty stricken villages classified according to their different driven factors were divided into four types which were single capital lacking poverty, double capital lacking poverty, three capital lacking poverty, and four capital lacking poverty while the poverty type driven by three capital lacking was the most numerous type in Chongqing. The proportion of different types of poor villages were as follows:9.07%、20.27%、66.91%、3.75%, respectively. The three capital lacking type had a relatively high proportion. It would be very important to develop differentiated poverty alleviation measures in accordance with local conditions since the factors driving villages into poverty were so complex and diverse. We should promote scientifically the targeted poverty alleviating strategy and strive to achieve overall poverty eradication in 2020.