民族地区旅游治理多主体共生模式研究*——以青海省黄南藏族自治州为例

ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE AGENTS′ SYMBIOTIC PATTERNS OF TOURISM GOVERNANCE IN ETHNIC AREAS*——A CASE STUDY ON HUANGNAN TIBETAN AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE

关键词:  旅游治理民族地区多主体共生社区

Key words:  tourism governance  ethnic areas  multiple agents  symbiosis  community

摘要:

［目的］民族文化是一座丰厚的文化宝藏，是吸引游客的重要因素。在民族地区，旅游治理不仅与各利益主体有关，还与不同利益主体之间的关系紧密相关，不同主体和谐共生是民族地区旅游治理的首要前提，民族旅游社区治理中不同主体之间关系和模式一直难以量化。［方法］基于共生理论视角，选择青海省黄南藏族自治州地为案例地，定量分析了政府、居民、游客和旅游企业等不同治理主体之间的共生关系和模式。［结果］（1）各主体间的特征共生度δM≥087＞0，说明不同主体之间存在共生关系且为正向共生关系； （2）共生系数043≤θM≤053，说明各主体间的相互影响程度基本相同； （3）青海省黄南藏族自治州4个共生主体相互之间的行为模式为政府主导、居民推进、企业协助、游客参与的正向互惠共生模式。［结论］在民族地区旅游治理与政府、社区居民、企业和游客等多个主体存在关系，参与民族地区旅游治理活动的不同主体都不可能独自掌控和解决所有问题，各主体间应该是相互依赖，相互共生。

Abstract:

Ethnic culture is a rich and precious cultural treasure, which is an essential factor to attract tourists. In the ethnic area, tourism governance is not only correlated closely with the interest agents but also the relation of each of them. The harmonious symbiosis of each agent is the primary premise of tourism governance in the ethnic area. However, the relationships and patterns of the different agents in process of community governance in the ethnic tourism are hard to be quantified all the way. The measurements like symbiotic degree, the symbiotic coefficient and the symbiotic correlation degree were used to test the symbiotic relationship among the different governance agents, and the symbiotic patterns were explored in order to provide the theoretical foundation for the enhancement of the core competence, the rational exploitation of ethnic culture tourism resources and the reinforcement of tourism governance in the ethnic area. This thesis is based on the perspective of Symbiosis Theory, and Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture had been chosen as the case study. On the basis of these, some methods of quantitative analysis were put into practice for such symbiotic relationships and patterns of different governing agents as governments, residents, tourists and companies. The results show that (1) the characteristic symbiotic degree among the four agents is δM≥0.87＞0, which states that there exists the positive symbiotic relationship among the agents; (2) the symbiotic coefficient θm is among 0.43~0.53 and close to 0.5, which states that the degree of interaction among the agents is basically the same; (3) the behavior patterns of the four symbiotic agents in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture belong to the positive mutualistic symbiosis patterns, namely governments based domination, residents based promotion, enterprises based assistance and tourists based participation. Whether the tourism in the ethnic area can develop healthily, sustainably and steadily has the consanguineous relation with both the social culture changes in the ethnic area and the multiple agents′ attitudes towards the tourism in ethnic tourism community. The agents including governments, residents, tourists and companies participating in the activities of the ethnic tourism governance can not dispose all of the problems independently. They should be interdependent and coexist with each other.At the preliminary stage of the tourism development in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, it belongs to the stage of guidance and assistance, and the governments plays the dominant role. With the variety of the tourism development stage, the functions of different agents in process of governance will also change.