农地流转市场中的土地流向及效果分析

AN ANALYSIS OF LAND FLOWING DIRECTION AND PERFORMANCE IN RURAL LAND RENTAL MARKET

关键词:  农地流转流动方向农业生产效率农户收入不平等展望

Key words:  land transfer  flowing direction  agricultural production efficiency  household income  inequity  outlook

摘要:

［目的］我国农地流转市场发展迅速，农村土地呈现集中趋势。准确把握农村土地流动方向，探析农地流转对农业生产效率及农民收入的影响，对保障农地流转市场健康发展，实现农业现代化的关键，具有重要的现实意义。［方法］基于文献研究法对相关研究进行梳理和总结。［结果］（1）有效的农地流转市场使土地从低效率生产者流转至高效率生产者，从高收入农户流转至收入两端的农户，并有提高农业生产效率和增加农民收入的作用。转入户中存在显著的异质性差异，一部分是缺乏资金和人力资本的小规模农户，另一部分则是具有丰富资金和人力资本的大规模农户。（2）农业比较收益劣势易造成农地流转市场扭曲，改变土地流动方向，导致农业生产效率下降，并加剧农民收入的不平等。［结论］有效的农地流转市场有助于提高农业生产效率并增加农户收入。然而，农业较低的比较收益及政府的过度干预易造成农地流转市场扭曲，农业生产效率提升潜力难以发挥，增收效应减弱，农村收入差距加大。建议政府对农地流转进行有序引导，并注重劳动力市场及信贷市场的配套完善。

Abstract:

The land rental market develops at a fast speed in China, and there is a concentration trend in rural areas with land operated by a minority of households. Accurately grasping the direction of rural land flowing and exploring the impact of land transfer on agricultural production efficiency and farmers′ income is the key to ensuring the healthy development of agricultural land transfer market and realizing agricultural modernization, which has important practical significance. Based on a literature review, this study seeks to clarify the land flowing direction and performance in land rental markets, as well as to illustrate the present situation and future trend of research about land transfer. The results were showed as follows. An effective farmland transfer market could transfer land from inefficient producers to efficient producers, from high income farmers to farmers at both ends of income, and could improve agricultural production efficiency and increase farmers′ income. There were significant heterogeneous differences among the transferred households, because some were small scale farmers with limited capital, while the others were large scale farmers with enough capital and advanced technology. The comparative disadvantage of farming could lead to the distortion of land rental markets, change the land flowing direction, decline the efficiency of agricultural production, and aggravate the inequality of farmers′ income. In summary, the efficient land market is helpful to improve the agricultural production efficiency and increase farmers′ income. Besides, lower comparative agriculture returns and excessive government intervention are liable to distort the land rental market, make it difficult to bring the potential of improving agricultural production efficiency into full play, weaken the effect of increasing income, and widen the income gap in rural areas. It is suggested that the government should guide the land circulation in an orderly way and pay more attention to the perfection of the labor market and credit market.