设施番茄化肥农药综合效益与产业效率研究

STUDY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE BENEFITS AND INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE IN GREENHOUSE TOMATO

关键词:  效率双减评估化肥农药设施番茄

Key words:  efficiency  double reduction evaluation  fertilizer  pesticide  greenhouse tomato

摘要:

［目的］通过分析中国设施番茄生产中肥料、农药投入状况与产量效益的关系，研究设施蔬菜（以设施番茄生产为例）肥料农药施用的综合效益及主要生产要素效率，评估设施蔬菜减肥减药的经济效益，为科学开展“双减”工作提供理论依据。［方法］对设施蔬菜生产的减肥减药效果进行经济评估，现有文献中还没有成熟的方法和指标。文章采用《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》中的数据作为研究的基础，以全国21个省（市、区）设施番茄生产为评价单元； 构建了基于SFA的设施蔬菜要素贡献率计量经济模型，分析了化肥、农药的技术效率； 提出以“双减产量系数”“双减经济系数”为指标，评估设施蔬菜化肥农药“双减”经济效益； 同时，结合设施番茄生产的经济效益，研究了产业各要素综合变化规律； ［结果］十二五期间（2011—2015年），中国各省（市、区）之间肥料农药用量差别很大（2015年化肥用量最大相差49倍，农药用量最大相差39倍）。化肥用量呈下降态势，农药使用量呈微增长态势。2015年设施番茄生产的单元技术效率达到很高水平（平均9290%）； 化肥、农药投入技术效率下降，农家肥投入技术效率提高。［结论］决策者要分类设定“双减”任务指标，对于山东、内蒙、辽宁、浙江、宁夏等地区，其化肥投入水平很高、化肥技术效率较低，减肥的潜力大，应该加大推进减肥提效的工作力度。对农药技术效率的分析，也同样能够得出相似的结论。生产者应根据不同省市各要素投入效率，合理调配要素投入结构；肥料农药的供应商应根据决策者、生产者的目标调整和要素效率，适时调整资源配置的市场规模和方向。

Abstract:

Through the analysis of the relationship between the input of fertilizer and pesticide and the output benefit in the production of greenhouse tomato in China, this research study on the comprehensive benefit and main production factor efficiency of fertilizer and pesticide application in greenhouse vegetables (i.e. greenhouse tomato production), evaluate the economic effect of green vegetable by reducing fertilizer and pesticide, so as to provide theoretical basis for scientific ′double reduction′ task. There were no mature methods and indicators in the existing literature for economic evaluation of the effect of reducing fertilizer and pesticide in greenhouse vegetable production. In this research, the data of "national agricultural product cost benefit data collection"was used as the basis of the study, and the greenhouse tomato production of 21 provinces and cities in China was taken as the evaluation unit; Based on SFA, the econometric model of factor contribution rate of facility vegetables was built, and the technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer and pesticide was analyzed; evaluation of the economic effect of ′double reduction′ of chemical fertilizer and pesticide in greenhouse vegetables, based on ′double reduction yield coefficient ′and ′double reduction economic coefficient′ as indicators; meantime, combined with the economic benefits of greenhouse tomato production, the law of comprehensive changes of industrial elements was studied; The results were showed as follows. During the 12th Five Year Plan period (2011 2015), the amount of fertilizer and pesticide used in various provinces and cities of China varied greatly (In 2015, the maximum difference between the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide was 4.9 times and 3.9 times, respectively). The amount of chemical fertilizer decreased and the amount of pesticide increased slightly. In 2015, the unit technical efficiency of facility tomato production reached an extremely high level (average 92.90%). The technical efficiency of fertilizer and pesticide input decreased, and the technical efficiency of farmyard manure input increased. Policymakers should set up "double reduction" task indicators by classification. The investment of chemical fertilizer is extremely high, low efficiency of chemical fertilizer technology, and great potential for reduce fertilizer use, for Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Ningxia and other provinces. So they should strengthen the work of reducing fertilizer use and improving efficiency. According to the input efficiency of various factors in different provinces and cities, producers should reasonably allocate the input structure of factors, and focus on the progress of agricultural science and technology to improve the frontier of unit production; Market allocation of fertilizer and pesticide resources should be adjusted according to the goals of policymakers and producers.