我国小麦生产成本收益分析

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN CHINA

关键词:  中国小麦产业主产区成本收益分析可持续发展

Key words:  China  wheat industry  main producing area  cost benefit analysis  sustainable development

摘要:

［目的］近年来，随着中国经济和农业的不断发展，我国已经成为世界上最大的小麦生产、消费国。小麦市场的变动会对我国粮食产业产生巨大影响，因此，对小麦生产成本收益的变化进行探究，可以从整体上把握小麦产业的生产情况，便于国家、厂商以及农户做出适当的调整措施，促进我国小麦产业的可持续性发展。［方法］文章通过对全国农产品成本资料收益汇编数据及农业农村部2018年主产区小麦调研数据进行分析，探讨2012—2017年我国小麦成本收益变化趋势。［结果］我国小麦生产总成本快速增长，总成本从2012年的83044元/hm2上涨至2017年的1 00764元/hm2，化肥费、机械作业费、人工成本、土地成本在总成本中所占比重较大。小麦的产值与现金收益虽然保持增长，但净利润与成本利润率呈下降趋势，总成本的增长速度快于总收益的增长速度。［结论］小麦生产成本收益变化的原因为小麦产量减少、生产成本上升以及市场价格降低，并且提出了依靠科技提高小麦产量、维护农资市场价格稳定等一系列针对性的建议与措施。

Abstract:

In recent years, with the continuous development of China's economy and agriculture, our country has become the largest wheat producer and consumer in the world. China's grain industry has been influenced by the huge changes of the wheat market. Therefore, exploring the changes in wheat production costs and benefits, can help grasp the production situation of the wheat industry as a whole, and facilitate the country, manufacturers and farmers to make appropriate adjustments to promote the sustainable development of the wheat industry. Based on the compilation data of cost data and income of agricultural products in China and the wheat survey data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2018, the changing trend of wheat cost and income from 2012 to 2017 was discussed in the current study. The results showed that the total cost of wheat production in China had grown these years rapidly. Specifically, the total cost had increased from 830.44 yuan/hm2 in 2012 to 1 007.64 yuan/hm2 in 2017. Fertilizer fees, machinery operation fees, the cost of labor and land had been risen rapidly and been account for a large proportion of the total cost. Although the output value and cash income of wheat keep growing, the net profit and cost profit ratio had shown a downward trend, and the growth rate of the total cost was faster than that of total income. Finally, this study concludes that the main reasons for the changes in wheat production costs and benefits are the decrease in production, the increase in production costs and the decrease in market prices. A series of suggestions and measures are proposed based on the conclusions, such as relying on technology to increase wheat production and maintaining market price stability of agricultural materials.