我国蔬菜秸秆无害化处理技术优化探讨

DISCUSSION ON OPTIMIZATION FOR HARMLESS DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY OF VEGETABLE STRAW

关键词:  蔬菜秸秆  直接还田  堆肥  饲料化  无害化处理

Key words:  vegetable straw  direct straw return  composting  feed  harmless treatment

摘要:

目的 随着蔬菜产业的快速发展和规模的不断扩大，蔬菜秸秆问题日益严重。进一步改进蔬菜秸秆无害化处理技术对推进农业绿色发展、提高我国人民生活质量、增加农民收入具有重要意义。方法 针对蔬菜秸秆含水率较高、碳氮比较低、易腐烂发臭滋生病虫害等缺点，在分析比较资源化处理手段优缺点的基础上，以无害化处理为目标对技术进行革新。结果 目前蔬菜秸秆处理技术主要有直接还田、厌氧沤肥、好氧堆肥、饲料化等，但仍存在一些缺点，难以满足无害化处理要求，文章总结了一系列蔬菜秸秆无害化利用技术，优化消毒直接还田技术，制定厌氧沤肥的技术环节，完善田间堆肥技术体系，优化联合堆肥物料配比，解决快速无害化处理问题，规范物理脱水饲料化的操作流程和添加剂配方，延伸蔬菜秸秆产业链；同时，探讨蔬菜秸秆资源化利用的现存问题、潜力及发展方向。结论 为未来推广蔬菜秸秆无害化处理和资源化利用工作提供参考。

Abstract:

With the rapid development and expansion of the vegetable industry, the problem of vegetable straw has become increasingly severe. Further improvement of technology for the harmless treatment of vegetable straw is of great significance to promote the clean development of agriculture, improve the living quality of people, and increase the income of farmers. In view of the shortcomings of vegetable straw such as high water content, low carbon to nitrogen ratio, prone to rotting, smelling, and breeding pests and diseases, technology for the treatment of vegetable straw was being evolved with the goal of being harmless, based on the analysis and comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of a waste-to-resources treatment method. The results were listed as follows. Vegetable straw treatment technologies were mainly direct straw return, anaerobic composting, aerobic composting, converting straw to feed, etc., but there were still some shortcomings and thus were unable to meet the requirements of harmless treatment. This paper summarized a series of harmless straw utilization technologies, optimized the disinfection of direct straw return technology, and developed the technical aspects of anaerobic composting. The paper also improved the field composting technology system, optimized the ratio of combined composting materials, and solved the problem of rapid and harmless treatment. In addition, the paper standardized the operation process and additive formula used in the physical dehydration of vegetable straw to be converted to feed. It also extended the industry chain of vegetable straw. At the same time, it discussed the existing problems, potential, and direction of development of waste-to-resources utilization. Finally, this research provides reference for the future promotion of the harmless treatment of vegetable straw and resource utilization.