稻虾种养系统中生态要素的丢失问题分析基于农业文化遗产保护理论的视角

ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL ELEMENTS LOSS IN THE “RICE-SHRIMP CULTURE” MODEIN THE VIEW OF AGRICULTURAL CULTURAL HERITAGE (ACH) CONSERVATION

关键词:  农业文化遗产  稻虾种养系统  生态要素  农业生态环境  核心价值

Key words:  agricultural cultural heritage  rice-shrimp culture  ecological elements  agricultural ecological environment  core values

摘要:

目的 基于农业文化遗产保护的视角，分析近年来在我国一些地区迅速发展的稻虾种养模式存在的生态问题，旨在为稻虾种养系统的可持续、健康发展提供有益借鉴。方法 文章借助农业文化遗产保护的理念和内涵，从生物多样性、土壤、水体、空气、病虫草、轮作制度、生态景观等多个方面分析了稻虾种养系统中生态要素的丢失问题；对照农业文化遗产的五大核心价值，从农业生产与自然生态、经济效益与生态效益、短期收益与长期发展、系统推广与环境保护之间的相互作用和关系方面分析了稻虾种养系统生态性丢失的原因。结果 当前稻虾种养系统暴露出生物多样性减少、水资源浪费、温室气体排放量增加、土壤污染加剧、病虫草害加重、生态景观破坏、作物轮作制度改变等多重问题，给农业的可持续发展和生态环境都造成负面影响，这与系统参与者对自然生态的认识与保护不足、盲目追求短期经济利益而忽视生态效应密切相关。结论 稻虾种养系统的参与者需认清和尊重自然生态及农业生产系统的演变规律，挖掘和提炼绿色农业发展模式，科学合理地发展稻虾种养，把稻田养虾的关键技术标准化、规范化，减少对原始生态的破坏，才能为农业生产带来可持续的经济效益、社会效益及生态效益。

Abstract:

In this paper, the ecological problems of the “rice-shrimp culture”, one well known mode spreading quickly in many areas of China in the past decade, were studied in the view of agricultural cultural heritage (ACH) conservation, in order to provide the beneficial reference for the sustainable and health development of the “rice-shrimp culture”. The concept and connotation of ACH conservation was used in this paper to analyze the ecological elements loss of “rice-shrimp culture” system comprehensively from the aspects of biological diversity, water, air, soil, diseases, insect pests, weeds, ecological aesthetics, crop rotation system and so on. Meanwhile, the reaction and relationship between agricultural production and natural ecology, economic performance and ecological performance, short term benefits and long-term development, systematic extension and environment protection of the “rice-shrimp culture” was studied by using the five core values of ACH conservation, for the reason of the ecological elements loss of the system. “Rice-shrimp culture” is a new agricultural culture mode, originates from “rice-fish culture”, but many ecological points of ACH are not inherited from the optimal culture mode. Based on the summary of problems of the “rice-shrimp culture” system, there were many multiple defects, such as the decrease of biology diversity, waste of water, emission of greenhouse gas, pollution of soil, exacerbation of special plant diseases and insect pests, ruin of ecological aesthetics, loss of crop rotation system emerged in the system, which caused the negative effect on the sustainable development and ecological environment of agricultural system. This phenomenon might be related with insufficient recognition and protection of the participants to the natural ecology, as well as blindly pursue of the short-term benefits with the ignorance of ecological effects. Therefore, in order to protect the agricultural ecological environment and achieve a new green development mode suitable for the “rice-shrimp culture”, it is indispensable for the participants of this system to identify the evolution rule of natural ecology and agricultural system and handle it with the scientific technology to utilize natural resources rationally, standardize farming processes, normalize the key technologies and optimize agricultural industrial structure. Based on this, the “rice-shrimp culture” mode would bring the economic value, ecological value, social cultural value, etc. which are the core values of ACH, benefiting both farm workers and agricultural ecosystem sustainably.