水产养殖业新型农业经营主体全要素生产率研究——基于微观主体面板数据和SFA法

STUDY ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OF NEW AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ENTITIES IN AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY——BASED ON MICRO SUBJECT PANEL DATA AND SFA METHOD

关键词:  新型农业经营主体  全要素生产率  技术效率  随机前沿法  水产养殖

Key words:  new agricultural business entities  total factor productivity  technical efficiency  stochastic frontier approach  aquaculture

摘要:

目的 新型农业经营主体是推动农业现代化发展的重要力量，研究其生产效率及变化趋势、分析比较不同类型新型农业经营主体的效率对于推进农业高质量发展、促进乡村振兴具有重要意义。方法 文章聚焦水产养殖领域，基于2018—2021年全国429个养殖生产新型农业经营主体样本面板数据，采用随机前沿生产函数分析了全要素生产率（TFP），并分解其驱动因素。采用共同随机前沿模型比较分析了龙头企业、农民专业合作社和家庭农场3类新型农业经营主体模式的生产技术效率。结果 （1）增加物质资料、劳动力、固定资产等方面的投入对产出增长有显著促进作用，但增加服务投入并未显著促进产出。（2）TFP增长的动力来源是技术进步，规模报酬率的贡献不大，而技术效率和配置效率的下降对TFP增长起到阻碍作用。（3）龙头企业、合作社、家庭农场3类新型农业经营主体的技术效率各有特点，以群组前沿面为基准时家庭农场的技术效率最高，以共同前沿面为基准时合作社的技术效率最高，以技术差距比表征的技术水平衡量，则龙头企业技术水平最高。结论 建议加强科技投入，提升技术效率，优化成本投入结构，加强各类新型农业经营主体的联合与合作。

Abstract:

New agricultural business entities are important forces in promoting the modernization of agriculture. Studying their production efficiency as well as analyzing and comparing the efficiencies of different types of new agricultural business entities are of great significance for promoting high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization. Based on the panel data for 429 new agricultural operators of aquaculture production in China from 2018 to 2021, the stochastic frontier production function approach was applied to analyze total factor productivity (TFP) and decompose the driving factors of TFP. And the production technology efficiencies of three new types of agricultural business entities were analyzed and compared: leading enterprises, farmers' professional cooperatives, and family farms. Results indicated that the increase of the input of material, labor or fixed assets played a significant role in promoting output growth. In contrast, increasing service input had no significantly output. The source of TFP growth was technological progress. The contribution of returns to scale to TFP growth was negligible, while the decline of technical efficiency and allocation efficiency hindered TFP growth. The technical efficiency of each of the three types of new agricultural business entities showed idiosyncratic characteristics. When the group frontier was used as the benchmark, the technical efficiency of family farms was the highest. When the common frontier was used as the benchmark, the technical efficiency of cooperatives was the highest. When measured by the technical level represented by the technology gap ratio, the technical level of leading enterprises was the highest. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen scientific and technological investment, improve technological efficiency, optimize the cost investment structure, and strengthen the alliance and cooperation of various new agricultural business entities.