黄土高原农户生计脆弱性及形成机理探究——以陕北佳县为例

STUDY ON THE VULNERABILITY OF FARMERS' LIVELIHOOD AND ITS FORMATION MECHANISM ON THE LOESS PLATEAU——TAKING JIAXIAN COUNTY IN NORTHERN SHAANXI AS AN EXAMPLE

关键词:  生计脆弱性  区位条件  影响因子  形成机理  佳县

Key words:  livelihood vulnerability  location conditions  influncing factors  formation mechanism  Jiaxian county

摘要:

目的 以黄土高原佳县为例，探究区域农户生计脆弱性空间分布特征、影响因子及生计脆弱性形成机理。方法 文章根据脆弱性评估框架构建农户生计脆弱性评价指标体系，分析研究区农户生计脆弱性空间分布特征；采用贡献度模型与灰色关联模型探究生计脆弱性形成影响因子，并据此解析区域农户生计脆弱性的形成机理。结果 （1）中度及高度脆弱性乡村占样本村的70.00%，研究区农户生计脆弱性整体较高，在空间上呈现北部，特别是东北部地区以及交通干线沿线低，其他地区高的特点；（2）适应能力、暴露度和敏感性3个维度对农户生计脆弱性的贡献度分别为43.51%、34.25%和22.24%，适应能力维度对区域农户生计脆弱性的贡献度与其他两维度相比较大，教育压力、医疗压力、灾害频率、抚养比、农业收入比重、负债情况、耕地质量、林果比重、人均收入等是各维度促进农户生计脆弱性形成的主要指标；（3） 自然条件、位置条件以及交通条件与生计脆弱性的整体关联度分别为0.72，0.71和0.73，交通条件与自然条件对农户生计脆弱性影响强于位置条件，等效道路密度、距河流距离、距县城中心距离、地表起伏度、内部连通度等是农户生计脆弱性的主要区位影响因子。结论 研究区农户生计脆弱性空间分布差异明显，农户生计特点及乡村所处区位条件均对生计脆弱性形成具有重要影响，农户生计脆弱性是区域环境、产业经济特点以及思维观念等多重因素综合作用下形成的。

Abstract:

Taking Jiaxian county on Loess Plateau as an example, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution characteristics, influencing factors and the formation mechanism of livelihood vulnerability of farmers. According to the framework of vulnerability assessment, an index system of farmers' livelihood vulnerability assessment was constructed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of farmers' livelihood vulnerability in the study area. The contribution model and grey correlation model were used to explore the influencing factors of livelihood vulnerability formation, and on this basis, the formation mechanism of regional farmers' livelihood vulnerability was analyzed. The conclusions were showed as follows. (1) The villages with moderate and high vulnerable accounted for 70.00% of the sample villages, and the overall vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods in the study area was relatively high. In terms of space, it presented the characteristics of being low in the north, especially in the northeast and along the main traffic lines, and high in other areas; (2) The contribution level of adaptability, exposure, and sensitivity to the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods were 43.51%, 34.25%, and 22.24%, respectively. The dimension of adaptability had a greater contribution to the vulnerability of regional farmers' livelihoods. Educational pressure, medical pressure, disaster frequency, dependency ratio, proportion of agricultural income, debt situation, cultivated land quality, ratio of fruit planting, per capita income, etc. were the main indicators that promoted the formation of farmers' livelihood vulnerability in all dimensions; (3) The overall correlation degree between vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods and natural conditions, location conditions, and traffic conditions were 0.72, 0.71, and 0.73, respectively. Traffic and natural conditions had a stronger impact on farmers' livelihood vulnerability than location conditions. Equivalent road density, distance to rivers, distance to county center, surface undulation, internal connectivity of road, etc. were the main location influencing factors of farmers' livelihood vulnerability. In summary, the spatial distribution difference of farmers' livelihood vulnerability in the study area is obvious. The characteristics of farmers' families and the location of villages have important influences on the formation of livelihood vulnerability. Farmers' livelihood vulnerability is formed under the comprehensive action of multiple factors such as regional environment, industrial economy characteristics and thinking concepts.