人地关系视角下农村土地依存度时空演变特征

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL LAND DEPENDENCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAN-LAND RELATIONSHIP

关键词:  乡村振兴  人地关系  依存度  时空格局  重心演变

Key words:  rural revitalization  man-land relationship  dependence degree  spatio-temporal pattern  gravity center evolution

摘要:

目的 针对农村地区年轻人外流、老龄化程度升高、乡村衰败等现象，基于人地关系视角，以农村土地依存度作为农村人地关系的量化指标，探究其时空演变特征和影响因素，以期为乡村振兴发展提供参考。方法 文章研究在界定农村土地依存度概念基础上，构建农村土地依存度评价指标体系，运用熵权法定量测度2006—2020年中国30个省（市、区，不含港澳台和西藏）的农村土地依存度高低水平；综合GIS空间分析、重心演变模型及斯皮尔曼相关系数对我国土地依存度时空格局演变特征进行探讨。结果 （1）时序演变：2006年以来中国农村土地依存度水平呈现降低态势，分项依存差异表现为经济依存＞人口依存＞空间依存。（2）空间格局：研究期间中国农村土地依存度空间上呈现“西南高，东部沿海低”的区域差异特征，其中，高依存空间分布由集中转为离散分布，低依存空间分布由分散转为集中。（3）重心演变：2006—2020年农村土地依存度重心由河南省南阳市淅川县向北移动到达河南省三门峡市卢氏县，整体上从南向北移动。（4）影响因素相关性：土地依存度与地区经济发展水平以及农民人均纯收入均呈现负相关，与人均农村地区面积呈现正相关，相关程度表现为：地区经济发展水平＞农民人均纯收入＞人均农村地区面积。结论 随着经济的发展和城市化进程的推进，农村地区人口对土地的依存程度呈降低的趋势，特别是东部发达的沿海地区降低更明显，以前人多地少的矛盾逐步向“人少地闲”转变，农村土地资源配置和利用效益或有降低态势。人口依存和经济依存更是表现出整体下降趋势，反映出农村土地对人口吸引力的降低，进一步印证了农村劳动力流失的问题，劳动力的流失自然会影响农村经济发展。故研究建议在乡村振兴过程中，通过聚焦乡村产业，妥善处理农村地区“人—地—钱”问题，关注新型经营主体，吸引优秀乡村振兴人才，通过推动乡村经济发展，缩小城乡差距助力乡村振兴。

Abstract:

In view of the outflow of young people, the increase of aging degree and the decline of rural areas in rural areas, based on the perspective of man-land relationship, this paper takes rural land dependence as a quantitative index of rural man-land relationship, and explores its spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors, so as to provide references for rural revitalization and development. On the basis of defining the concept of rural land dependence, an evaluation index system of rural land dependence was constructed, and the entropy weight method was used to quantitatively measure the level of rural land dependence of 30 provincial administrative units in China from 2006 to 2020. Based on GIS spatial analysis, gravity center evolution model and Spearman correlation coefficient, the spatial and temporal pattern evolution characteristics of land dependence in China were discussed. The results were showed as follows. (1) From the time series evolution, since 2006, the level of rural land dependence in China had been decreasing, and the difference of sub-item dependence was economic dependence > population dependence > spatial dependence. (2) From the spatial pattern, during the study period, the spatial distribution of rural land dependence in China showed the regional difference characteristics of " high in the southwest and low in the eastern coast ". Among them, the spatial distribution of high dependence changed from concentration to discrete distribution, and the spatial distribution of low dependence changed from dispersion to concentration. (3) As for the evolution of the center of gravity, from 2006 to 2020, the center of gravity of rural land dependence moved northward from Xichuan county, Nanyang city, Henan province to Lushi county, Sanmenxia city, Henan province, and moved from the south where water and soil resources were relatively matched to the north where water and soil resources did not match. (4) From the correlation of influencing factors, land dependence was negatively correlated with regional economic development level and per capita net income of farmers, and positively correlated with per capita rural area. The correlation degree was showed as follows, regional economic development level > per capita net income of farmers > per capita rural area. In summary, with the development of economy and the advancement of urbanization, the dependence of population on land in rural areas is decreasing, especially in the eastern developed coastal areas. The contradiction between more people and less land has gradually changed to " less people and more land ", and the allocation and utilization efficiency of rural land resources may be reduced. Population dependence and economic dependence are showing an overall downward trend, reflecting the reduction of the attractiveness of rural land to the population, which further confirms the problem of rural labor loss. The loss of labor will naturally affect the development of rural economy. Therefore, the research suggests that in the process of rural revitalization, it should focus on rural industries, properly deal with the problem of " man-land-money " in rural areas, pay attention to new business entities, attract excellent talents for rural revitalization, and promote rural economic development and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas to help rural revitalization.