日本稻米产业保护政策：措施、效果及启示

RICE INDUSTRY PROTECTION POLICY IN JAPAN: MEASURES, EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS

关键词:  稻米  措施  实施效果  政策启示  日本

Key words:  paddy rice  measures  implementation effect  policy implications  Japan

摘要:

目的 中国和日本均是精耕细作农业的典型代表，深入剖析日本稻米产业保护的政策动因、实施路径及成效，对提升我国粮食自给率、保障国家粮食安全有至关重要的借鉴意义。方法 文章采用文献整理法和趋势分析法对相关研究进展和数据资料进行整合分析。结果 （1）日本粮食自给率近年来一直维持在37%左右，稻谷自给率却接近100%，在其他粮食已经严重依赖进口的背景下，日本唯独坚守高度保护稻米产业，既有政治经济原因，也有文化社会原因。（2）为实现对稻米产业的高度保护，日本对外利用贸易规则设置多重限制，对内实施全链条、全方位、全过程的支持政策发展稻米产业，并通过农协组织体系对稻米生产进行“调控”。（3）日本通过一系列稻米产业保护政策，为稻米产业的可持续发展提供了坚实保障，不仅提升了稻米的自给能力、提高了优质大米的国际竞争力、保护了稻农的种粮积极性和种植收益，还形成了保护日本整体贸易利益的谈判筹码。结论 借鉴日本经验，结合我国基本国情，提出从坚持将口粮自给为核心的大食物观纳入国策、加强以全产业链为核心的国家顶层政策设计、构建立体化农业补贴和技术推广体系、坚守贸易谈判底线、提高“两种资源、两个市场”利用效率以及重塑中华民族粮魂六方面强化我国粮食安全。

Abstract:

Both China and Japan are typical representatives of intensive agriculture. A thorough analysis of the policy motivations, implementation paths and achievements of Japan's rice industry protection is of crucial reference significance for enhancing China's grain self-sufficiency rate and ensuring national food security. From the perspective of Japan's rice industry protection policy, this paper analyzed the characteristics and changes of Japan's rice industry from the aspects of the reasons, main policy measures and effects of Japan's rice industry protection. In the context of other grain had been heavily dependent on imports, Japan only stuck to a high degree of protection of the rice industry, for both political and economic reasons, as well as cultural and social reasons. In order to achieve a high degree of protection for the rice industry, Japan used trade rules to set multiple restrictions, implemented whole-chain, all-directional and whole-process support policies to develop the rice industry, and “regulated” rice production through the organization system of the Agricultural Association. Through a series of rice protection policies, Japan had provided a solid guarantee for the sustainable development of the rice industry, which not only improved the self-sufficiency of rice, improved the international competitiveness of high-quality rice, protected the enthusiasm of rice farmers and planting profits, but also formed a bargaining chip to protect Japan's overall trade interests. In summary, based on Japan's experience and China's national conditions, it is proposed to strengthen China's food security from six aspects, which includes insisting on incorporating the big food concept with food self-sufficiency as the core into the national policy, strengthening the top-level national policy design with the whole industrial chain as the core, building a three-dimensional agricultural subsidy system, adhering to the bottom line of trade negotiations, improving the utilization efficiency of "two resources, two markets" and reshaping the Chinese nation's food soul.