我国西北地区乡村聚落景观的空间形态及类型研究

THE SPATIAL FORM AND TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPE IN NORTHWEST CHINA

关键词:  乡村聚落景观  格局  形态  聚落类型  西北地区

Key words:  rural settlement  landscape form  spatial pattern  type identification  Northwest China

摘要:

目的 研究西北地区乡村聚落景观空间形态和类型划分，为区域乡村聚落发展规划和管控提供参考。方法 文章选择西北地区为研究对象，基于市域层面，综合运用景观指数、探索性空间分析、聚类分析等方法对西北地区乡村聚落景观形态特征和类型进行识别。结果 （1）西北地区乡村聚落景观以陕西关中地区分布最为集中，其次是宁夏和甘肃区域，新疆和青海地区乡村聚落分布较少，东西部中间呈现断层现象。（2）乡村聚落景观形状指数存在较大差异，陕甘宁聚落斑块形状复杂程度高于其他区域；乡村聚落景观形状分布属于强空间自相关，主要受到地形地貌和水系分布的影响而呈现空间集聚和分异态势。（3）聚落景观高值集聚和低值集聚分布呈现界限分明的东高西低的分布特征，表现为大规模集聚分布和小规模零散分布的总特征；聚落核密度与景观规模聚类具有明显正相关，具体表现为：陕甘宁中部和南部区域的高密度大规模集聚分布、新疆北部地区的低密度小规模分散分布、青海东南部的大规模零散分布以及其余区域的无聚类分布态势。（4）西北地区乡村聚落景观空间形态类型划分为“高密度—大规模—集聚型”和“低密度—小规模—散布型”两大类；前者以大、中等聚落规模分布为主要模式，围绕单个核心点呈高密度的集聚分布态势，聚落的主导形态以团簇状和条带状为主；后者以小规模聚落分散为主，围绕多点中心呈分散分布态势，分布密度较低，聚落形态以条带状、散点状为主。结论 西北地区乡村聚落分布地理条件特殊，发展落后，在资源禀赋、经济实力和政策制度等方面与南方差距明显，未来需要加强乡村聚落发展战略性规划和指导，提升技术、资金和人才整体水平，以促进西北乡村聚落保护和建设可持续发展。

Abstract:

To study the spatial form and classification of rural settlement landscape in the Northwest region, and provide a reference for the development planning and control of regional rural settlements. The Northwest region was selected as the research object. And based on the city level, landscape indices, exploratory spatial analysis methods, and cluster analysis methods were comprehensively used to identify and classify the landscape morphology characteristics of rural settlements in the Northwest region from the macro level of density, scale, and shape. The results were listed as follows. (1) The landscape of rural settlements in the Northwest region was most concentrated in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi, followed by Ningxia and Gansu regions. The distribution of rural settlements in Xinjiang and Qinghai regions was relatively small, and there was a fault phenomenon in the middle of the east and west. (2) There were significant differences in the landscape shape index of rural settlements, with the complexity of patch shapes in Shaan Gan Ning settlements being higher than in other regions; The distribution of landscape shapes in rural settlements belonged to strong spatial autocorrelation, mainly influenced by terrain, landforms, and water system distribution, presenting a spatial agglomeration and differentiation trend. (3) The distribution of high-value and low value clusters in the settlement landscape presented a distinct characteristic of high in the east and low in the west, manifested as the overall characteristics of large-scale cluster distribution and small-scale scattered distribution; There was a clear positive correlation between settlement core density and landscape scale clustering, which was manifested in the high-density large-scale clustering distribution in the central and southern regions of Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia, the low-density small-scale scattered distribution in the northern region of Xinjiang, the large-scale scattered distribution in the southeastern part of Qinghai, and the non- clustering distribution trend in other regions. (4) The spatial forms of rural settlement landscapes in the Northwest region can be divided into two categories: high-density large-scale agglomeration and low-density small-scale dispersion; The former mainly followed the distribution pattern of large and medium-sized settlements, with a high-density clustering distribution around a single core point. The dominant form of settlements was cluster like and strip like; The latter was mainly composed of small-scale settlements, with a scattered distribution pattern around multiple centers and a low distribution density. And the settlement form was mainly in a strip and scattered pattern. In summary, the distribution of rural settlements in the Northwest region has special geographical conditions, and their development is backward. There is a significant gap between the Northwest and the South in terms of resource endowment, economic strength, policy system, etc. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the strategic planning and guidance of rural settlement development, improve the overall level of technology, funds, and talents, and promote the protection and sustainable development of rural settlements in the Northwest.