中国耕地保护与建设：时空分异、阶段特征和制度完善探讨

CULTIVATED LAND PROTECTION AND CONSTRUCTION IN CHINA: SPATIAL EVOLUTION, DYNAMIC CHANGES, AND INSITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENT*

关键词:  耕地保护  耕地建设  时空格局  高标准农田  粮食安全

Key words:  cultivated land protection  cultivated land construction  spatiotemporal patterns  well-facilitated farmland  food security

摘要:

目的 通过分析我国耕地数量动态变化、空间布局与粮食生产格局演变特征，从农田水利建设、改土培肥、高标准农田建设、黑土地保护、盐碱地治理及其科技创新、制度完善等方面探讨了耕地保护与建设的关键举措，旨在为我国耕地质量提升、耕地资源管理与优化提供系统依据和科学参考。方法 文章基于1949—2023年我国耕地面积数据、3次国土资源调查的31个省域耕地面积、粮食播种面积和产量等数据，综合运用ArcGIS、统计分析等方法，揭示长时序耕地保护与建设动态变化及其影响因素。结果 （1）从全国耕地数量时间变化来看，近37年耕地面积总体上稳定维持在20亿亩（1.33亿hm²）左右，但年际间动态变化大，可划分为持续增加、连续减少和大体平衡阶段。（2）从耕地面积和粮食生产格局来看，过去23年间耕地面积重心向北方16个省份迁移，东部、中部和西部省份均不同程度减少，只有东北地区呈现净增加趋势；13个粮食主产省粮食总产占全国80%以上，其中内蒙古和东北三省面积占比从不足1/4上升到1/3以上。（3）从耕地保护与建设来看，农田水利建设不同阶段侧重点不同，改土培肥举措主要在盐碱地治理和实施有机质还田两个方面；新时期耕地保护与建设主要在完善耕地保护制度，优化保护建设政策以及加大建设投入三个方面，对高标准农田建设、黑土地保护、盐碱地综合治理、耕地质量调查与科技创新支撑等多方面系统展开。结论 在保障粮食安全的战略背景下，我国对耕地保护与建设方面的投入力度显著增加，但在科技创新支撑耕地保护与建设方面还在探索阶段，未来应关注守牢耕地数量和做好耕地优化布局、持续加强高标准农田建设、强化土壤普查成果总结和应用、探索耕地长效保护机制等方面，从问题导向和需求导向凝练“十五五”耕地领域专项的重点方向，为我国耕地支撑保障粮食安全和产能提升提供理论和决策依据。

Abstract:

By analyzing the dynamic changes in the total cultivated land area, spatial distribution, and grain production patterns in China, this study explores the influencing factors of cultivated land quality improvement, protection, and construction in the new era, as well as institutional improvements from the multiple aspects, including farmland water conservancy construction, soil improvement and fertilization, well-facilitated farmland construction, black soil protection, saline-alkali land reclamation, soil resource surveys, and investment in scientific and technological innovation, so as to provide a systematic and scientific reference for enhancing cultivated land quality, optimizing resource management, and improving land use efficiency in China. Based on the cultivated land area data from 1949 to 2023, as well as the data from three national land resource surveys across China’s 31 provincial-level regions, including cultivated land area, grain sown area, and grain yield, this study employed ArcGIS and statistical analysis methods to reveal the long-term dynamic changes and influencing factors of cultivated land protection and construction. The results were showed as follows. (1) In terms of temporal changes in the national cultivated land area, the total area remained relatively stable at around 2 billion Mu (approximately 133 million hectares) over the past 37 years, with significant interannual fluctuations. The changes could be divided into periods of continuous increase (1950-1957), continuous decrease (1958-1963, 1967-1977, 1980-1989, and 1997-2006), and general balance (2007-2023). (2) Regarding the spatial distribution of cultivated land and grain production patterns, the center of cultivated land area shifted toward 16 northern provinces over the past 23 years. The eastern, central, and western regions experienced varying degrees of reduction, while only the northeastern region showed a net increase. The total grain output of 13 major grain-producing provinces accounted for over 80% of the national total, with the proportion of cultivated land in Inner Mongolia and the three northeastern provinces increasing from less than 1/4 to over 1/3. (3) In terms of cultivated land protection and construction, the focus of farmland water conservancy construction varied across different stages. Soil improvement and fertilization measures primarily targeted saline-alkali land management and organic matter return. In the new era, cultivated land protection and construction emphasized improving institutional frameworks, optimizing policies, and increasing investment. These efforts systematically addressed well-facilitated farmland construction, black soil protection, comprehensive saline-alkali land management, cultivated land quality surveys, and investment in scientific and technological innovation. Therefore, under the strategic background of ensuring food security, China significantly increases investment in cultivated land protection and construction. However, the role of scientific and technological innovation in supporting these efforts remains exploratory. Future priorities should include maintaining cultivated land quantity, optimizing spatial distribution, strengthening well-facilitated farmland construction, summarizing and utilizing soil survey results, and exploring long-term protection mechanisms. These efforts should be guided by problem-oriented and demand-driven approaches to define key directions for the "15th Five-Year Plan" in the field of cultivated land, thereby providing theoretical and decision-making support for ensuring food security and enhancing agricultural productivity in China.