我国“粮食银行”的运行机制及优化路径探究

RESEARCH ON THE OPERATION MECHANISM AND OPTIMIZATION PATH OF CHINA'S "FOOD BANK"

关键词:  “粮食银行”  运行机制  组织形式  风险特征  优化路径

Key words:  "food bank"  operation mechanism  organization form  risk characteristics  optimization path

摘要:

目的 在粮食收购政策市场化不断推进的新时期，如何建立与粮食市场化收购配套的多元流通渠道已成为一项重要的理论和实践问题。“粮食银行”是粮食流通环节的重要组织创新，文章以“粮食银行”为研究对象，对其运行机制进行深入剖析，试图找出确保“粮食银行”可持续运转的优化路径及方向。方法 文章基于黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、江苏、安徽、河南等粮食主产区和主销区多类“粮食银行”的调研成果，分别从组织形式、承载主体、业务构成和计价方式等多个维度进行梳理与分析，总结其成功及不足之处。结果 研究发现“粮食银行”主要有政府主导和自组织两种组织形式，承载主体包含中央国有粮食企业、地方国有粮食企业、供销合作社、民营企业和专业合作社5种类型，并且业务范围不断延伸，计价方式呈现多样化。此外，根据“粮食银行”的运作特征，该文认为“粮食银行”主要面临着道德风险、经营风险和流动性风险3项风险。结论 研究建议由国有企业或合作社内部运转粮食银行、设置最低保有量、借助“保险+期货”模式是“粮食银行”提升风险应对能力，实现健康持续运转的有效路径。

Abstract:

In the new era of continuous marketization of grain purchase policies, how to establish a multi-distribution channel which could support grain market acquisition has become an important theoretical and practical issue. This research takes the "food bank" as the research object, and analyzes its operation mechanism in order to find out the future optimization path and direction. This research used the research results of various types of "food bank" in major grain-producing areas and main selling areas in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, etc., summarized and analyzed successes and shortcomings of "food bank" from various dimensions of organization form, carrier body, business composition, pricing method and so on. It found that government-led and self-organized organizations were mainly two forms of "food bank", central state-owned grain enterprise, local state-owned grain enterprises, supply and marketing cooperative, private enterprise and professional cooperative were mainly five carrier bodies of "food bank", the business compositions were continuously expanded, and the pricing methods were diversified. Besides, according to the operational characteristics of "food bank",it argued that "food bank" were mainly exposed to three risks: moral hazard, operational risk, and liquidity risk. So, the research suggests that the "food bank" could be managed by a state-owned enterprise or cooperative, set minimum reserves, and used “futures + insurance” mode, so as to improve their risk response capabilities and achieve healthy and sustainable operation.