吉林省农户玉米种植与施肥现状调查

SMALLHOLDER INVESTIGATION ON CURRENT MAIZE CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION IN JILIN PROVINCE

关键词:  玉米  农户调研  产量  种植方式  施肥措施  区域差异

Key words:  maize  smallholder investigation  grain yield  cultivation method  fertilization practice  regional difference

摘要:

目的 明确吉林省不同生态区农户玉米种植与施肥现状，为区域玉米栽培和养分管理的进一步优化提供依据。方法 文章采用抽样调查方法，于2014年在吉林省44个县市开展农户调查，共收回有效问卷5 142份。调查内容主要包括：玉米品种、产量水平、种植面积和密度、播种和收获期、养分来源、施肥时期及方式、肥料种类和施用量等。结果 吉林省农户种植与施肥条件下玉米产量平均为9.1 t/hm²，东部湿润山区、中部半湿润平原区和西部半干旱平原区产量平均分别为8.1、10.1和8.0 t/hm²。全省农户共选用玉米品种526个，使用率前6的品种占比46.7%，播种期集中在4月下旬至5月上旬（占86.0%），收获期集中于10月上中旬（占89.0%）。单户种植面积大多在1~3 hm²（占62.3%），平均2.9 hm²，种植密度集中在5.5万~6.5万株/ hm²（占58.0%），平均5.7万株/ hm²。全部参与调研的农户均施用化肥，但增施有机肥比例仅3.5%，东、中、西部地区分别为6.0%、1.9%和4.0%。化肥品种以单施复合肥和复合肥—单质肥配施为主，中部地区大多为单施复合肥，东、西部地区大多为复合肥与单质肥配施。全省农户的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分投入量平均分别为244.6、130.8和104.4 kg/hm²，氮磷钾养分比例平均为1∶0.53∶0.43。施肥方式上，全省一次性施肥和分次施肥（基肥+追肥）方式分别占53.5%和46.5%。各区域中，中部地区农户的玉米养分投入量和一次性施肥比例（平均为540.6 kg/hm²和77.9%）远高于东、西部地区（平均为429.3、401.2 kg/hm²和22.4%、36.1%）。结论 现阶段吉林省农户玉米产量水平较高，但种植和施肥过程中还存在很多问题，需进一步加强针对区域尺度的玉米优化栽培和高产高效养分管理研究及技术推广，因地制宜地促进玉米产业绿色优质可持续发展。

Abstract:

The current situation of maize planting and fertilization practices are investigated for smallholders in different ecological regions of Jilin province, so as to provide reference for further optimizing regional maize cultivation and nutrient management. The sampled questionnaire surveys were adopted across 44 counties of Jilin province in 2014, and eventually received a total of 5 142 valid questionnaires. The survey contents included maize variety, grain yield, planting area and density, sowing and harvesting time, nutrient source, fertilization period and method, fertilizer type and application rate. The results were listed as follows. On average, maize yield was 9.1 t/ hm² in Jilin province under smallholders' planting and fertilization practices, and which was 8.1 t/ hm² in eastern humid mountainous area (EHMA), 10.1 t/hm² in central sub-humid plain area (CSPA), and 8.0 t/ hm² in the western semi-arid plain area (WSPA). A total of 526 maize varieties were planted by smallholders in the whole province, and the top five popular varieties accounted for 46.7% of the total. For most smallholders, maize seeds were sown from late April to early May (86.0%), and grains were harvested in early and middle October (89.0%). The planting area per family mainly ranged from 1 to 3 hm² (62.3%) with an average of 2.9 hm², and the planting density concentrated in about 55 000 ~ 65 000 plants/ hm² (58.0%) with an average of 57 000 plants/ hm². In terms of nutrient source, chemical fertilizers were used by all the smallholders participated in this investigation, however, organic fertilizers was additionally applied by only 3.5% of smallholders, and the percentages were 6.0%, 1.9% and 4.0% in EHMA, CSPA and WSPA, respectively. Most smallholders applied with compound fertilizer or applied with compound fertilizer in combination with single elemental fertilizer. Among the different ecological regions, smallholders mainly applied with compound fertilizer in CSPA and applied with compound fertilizer in combination with single elemental fertilizer in EHMA and WSPA. The average N, P₂O₅ and K₂O rates applied by smallholders for maize were 244.6, 130.8 and 104.4 kg/ hm² in Jilin province, respectively, with an average ratio of 1∶0.53∶0.43. One-time basal fertilization and split fertilization (i.e. basal fertilizer + topdressing) were the main fertilization methods used by smallholders in Jilin province, accounting for 53.5% and 46.5%, respectively. In CSPA, the average total nutrient input and one-time fertilization percentage were 540.6 kg/ hm² and 77.9%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in EHMA (429.3 kg/ hm² and 22.4%) and WSPA (401.2 kg/ hm² and 36.1%). In summary, despite of higher maize yields are obtained in Jilin province under the current smallholders’ planting and fertilization practices, while there are still several issues required further improvements. Further technology research and extension should be enhanced for optimal maize cultivation and nutrient management based on ecological regions, and thereby to achieve green, high quality and sustainable development in maize production of Jilin province.