1980—2018年中国苹果生产及其需水量时空演变特征研究

THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF APPLE PRODUCTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED WATER DEMANDS IN CHINA DURING THE PERIOD OF 1980—2018

关键词:  苹果生产  产区  需水量  时空演变  中国

Key words:  apple production  production areas  water demands  spatio-temporal evolution  China

摘要:

目的 中国是世界苹果生产和消费第一大国，研究我国苹果生产及其需水量时空演变特征，对苹果产业发展、生产水资源管理和政策制定具有重要意义。然而，针对全国苹果种植及其生产的资源环境压力研究较少。方法 文章基于1980—2018年苹果生产和单位水足迹数据，从全国、省域和苹果主产区3个视角，深入探究苹果生产及需水量的时空演变特征。结果 （1）中国苹果生产发展经历了稳定发展、快速增长、迅速下降、缓慢增长和略有下降5个阶段，全国产量呈不断增加趋势，且苹果生产得到了优化。（2）中国苹果生产的单位水足迹呈下降趋势，但苹果生产需水量呈先增加后减少的“倒U型”趋势。（3）我国五大苹果产区的苹果种植面积、单产和产量发生了一定变化，且呈现出不同的变化趋势。黄土高原产区已经替代渤海湾产区成为我国苹果生产最重要的区域，尤其是陕西省，其种植面积和产量均居首位；近年来，西南冷凉高地产区和特色产区种植面积不断扩大。（4）我国各地的苹果生产需水量空间差异很大，其中山东、河北、辽宁、陕西、甘肃、山西和河南相对较大。尽管渤海湾产区苹果生产需水量仍然最大，但比重明显下降，而黄土高原产区需水量不断增加，已占全国总生产需水量的32.18%。结论 我国苹果生产及其需水量发生了明显变化，且空间差异较大，应进一步提高苹果生产的水资源利用效率，促进苹果产业可持续发展，缓解水资源压力。

Abstract:

China is a global largest apple producer and consumer. It is of great significance to conduct the spatio-temporal analysis of apple production and its associated water demands in China, especially for apple industry development, water resources management and local policies. However, there are limited studies on apple production and its associated environmental issues in China. Thus, in order to bridge these gaps, we analyzed apple production and its associated water demands in China during the period of 1980-2018, based on apple production and its water footprint. The results were showed as follows. (1) Apple production in China experienced five stages, namely, the stable development stage, the rapid growth stage, the rapid decline stage, the slow growth stage and the slight decline stage. Total apple production presented the increasing trend, with its yield being increasing. (2) The apple water footprint presented a downward trend in China during this period, while the total water demands for apple production showed the "inverted U-shaped" trend. (3) The apple plantation area, yield and production presented great differences among the five main areas of apple production in China. More detailed, the Loess Plateau production area had turned to be the largest production area in China, instead of the Bohai Bay production area; besides, Shaanxi province had the largest apple production as well as the largest apple plantation area. Moreover, the total apple plantation area had been expanding in the Southwestern Cold Highland area and the Special Production area in recent years. (4) There were great spatial differences of water demands for apple production among provinces in China, while the seven provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and Henan together accounted to more than 90% of total water demands. Apple production in the Bohai Bay production area still demanded the largest water consumption, but its proportion had dropped significantly. Due to its large area and huge production, water demands had been increasing in the Loess Plateau production area during our study period, and it accounted to 32.18% of the total water demands in China in 2018. In conclude, apple production and its associated water demands in China change significantly, and the spatial difference is relatively large. Therefore, the utilization efficiency of water resources in apple production should be further improved to promote the sustainable development of apple industry and alleviate the pressure of water resources.