基于宜居性和承载力提升视角的高原过渡地带村庄布局优化——以青海省大通县为例

OPTIMIZATION OF VILLAGE LAYOUT IN PLATEAU TRANSITION ZONE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIVABILITY AND CARRYING CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT——TAKING DATONG COUNTY IN QINGHAI PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE

关键词:  宜居性评价  乡村承载力  村庄分类  布局优化  高原过渡带

Key words:  rural livability evaluation  comprehensive carrying capacity  village classification  layout optimization  plateau transition zone

摘要:

目的 高原过渡地带农村地势复杂，资源环境承载力弱，生态保护与民生发展难以兼顾，制约着农村地区的发展空间。基于宜居性和承载力提升视角，科学合理优化村庄布局，对于生态脆弱地区高原宜居乡村的建设和可持续发展具有指导意义。方法 文章构建乡村宜居性评价体系，运用K－均值聚类法对大通县村庄进行分类识别，运用状态空间法从生态系统、资源环境和基础设施3个维度测算村庄的综合承载力。结果 （1）通过聚类重构形成由集聚提升村、示范引领村、潜力优化村、生态保护村和生态搬迁村组成的高原乡村体系；（2）大通县乡村宜居性整体适中，空间上呈现出由中部向西北部、关键节点中心向四周逐渐递减的趋势；（3）乡村承载力水平在空间上差异显著，中部、南部地区整体高于北部，其中集聚提升类村庄的综合承载力最高。结论 通过定性分析乡村宜居性和定量测算承载力，为不同类型村庄的人口、用地、产业规模等提出空间布局优化策略；基于最短路径与最优中心，引导搬迁村人口优先向周边可载的集聚提升村迁移，同步推进村庄迁建与发展，有利于形成与资源环境承载力相匹配、生产生活生态相协调的乡村发展新格局，保障乡村振兴发展。

Abstract:

Due to the complex terrain and fragile ecosystem in rural areas of plateau transition zone, it is a grand challenge to balance regional ecological protection and rural development. Here we proposed an approach to optimizing village layout under the goal of improving carrying capacity and livability, and used the k-means clustering method for functional zoning, then we measured villages’ comprehensive carrying capacity from three dimensions of ecosystem, naturals resources and infrastructure development by using the state-space method. Results showed that: (1) Through cluster reconstruction, villages in Datong county were divided into agglomeration villages, demonstration villages, potential optimization villages, ecological protection villages and ecological relocation villages. (2) The overall score of rural livability in Datong county was medium, and there was a decreasing trend from the central to the northwest, and from the core to the periphery. (3) The rural carrying capacity of Datong county was higher in the central and southern areas than in the north, and the comprehensive carrying capacity of the agglomeration villages was the highest. In summary, through qualitative analysis of rural livability and calculation of carrying capacity, spatial layout optimization strategies are put forward from the aspects of population, land use and industrial scale for different types of villages. Based on the shortest path and optimal center principle, dwellers in relocation villages should be migrated to the surrounding concentrated villages with affluent carrying capacity, and the construction and development of villages should be promoted simultaneously. The approach proposed in this paper can provide decision tools that coordinate the production, livability and natural resources, which is of great importance for rural development.