黄土高原苹果优生区农户生计分化机制研究——基于不同地形分区的对比分析

STUDY ON THE DIFFERENTIATION MECHANISM OF FARMERS' LIVELIHOODS IN THE APPLE SUPERIOR PRODUCTION REGION ON THE LOESS PLATEAU——COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON DIFFERENT TERRAIN DIVISIONS

关键词:  生计策略  生计资本  黄土高原  地形分区  影响机制

Key words:  livelihood strategies  livelihood capital  the Loess Plateau  different terrain region  influence mechanism

摘要:

目的 以黄土高原苹果优生区长武县为例，从生计资本与生计策略两方面揭示各地形区农户生计分化状态，识别农户生计分化的影响因素，探究研究区农户生计分化机制。方法 文章基于可持续生计理论，构建农户生计资本评价指标体系，分析各地形区农户生计资本现状，并通过Logistic回归模型识别农户生计分化的影响因素。结果 （1）随着产业与种植结构的变化，务工主导型、苹果种植型以及兼业综合型生计策略逐步从传统农业型生计策略中分离出来，生计非粮化与非农化趋势明显；（2）地形区间农户生计资本差异显著，整体呈现塬区>梁区>沟区，兼业综合型>务工主导型>苹果种植型>传统农业型的特征；（3）受地形条件影响，不同分区间相同生计策略的影响因素存在差异，相同因子对同一生计策略的影响程度与方向亦存在差异。结论 研究区内农户生计分化是多种因素共同作用的结果，产业结构调整与气候变化等外部扰动是农户生计分化的前提与基础，生计资本是农户生计分化的内在属性与驱动因素，地形条件决定生计资本因子影响的方向成为研究区农户生计分化的关键因素。

Abstract:

Taking Changwu county, an apple ecoregion in the Loess Plateau, as an example, this research reveals the livelihood differentiation status of farm households in each topographic region in terms of livelihood capital and livelihood strategies, clarifies the factors influencing the livelihood differentiation of farm households, and explores the mechanism of farmers' livelihood differentiation in the study area. Based on the theory of sustainable livelihoods, this study constructed an index system, analyzed the current situation of the livelihood capital of farm households in each topographic area, and identified the factors that influenced the livelihood differentiation of farm households through a logistic regression model. The results were showed as follows. (1) With the adjustment of industrial structure and planting structure, work-oriented type, apple-planting type and part-time comprehensive type livelihood strategies had gradually separated from the traditional agricultural type livelihood strategies, and the trend of non-agricultural livelihoods was obvious. (2) There were significant differences in the livelihood capital of farmers in the study area, presenting the characteristics of loess tableland region > loess ridge region > loess gully region, part-time comprehensive type > work-oriented type > apple-planting type > traditional agriculture type. (3) Affected by terrain conditions, the influencing factors of the same livelihood strategy in different districts were different, and the degree and direction of impact of the same livelihood capital on the same livelihood strategy were also different. Therefore, the livelihood differentiation of farmers in the study area is the result of multiple factors. The adjustment of industrial structure and planting structure based on resource endowment is the basis for livelihood differentiation. Livelihood capital is the internal driving factor of livelihood differentiation. Terrain conditions lead to differences in the degree and direction of the impact of livelihood capital on livelihood strategies among different regions, which is also an important reason for the differentiation of farmers' livelihoods.