森林碳汇项目对欠发达地区农民收入的影响研究——来自四川省5 225个建档立卡户的实证证据

STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF FOREST CARBON SINK PROJECT ON THE INCOME OF FARMERS IN UNDERDEVELOPED REGIONS——EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM 5225 HOUSEHOLDS IN SICHUAN PROVINCE

关键词:  森林碳汇  欠发达地区  农民增收  建档立卡户  工具变量法

Key words:  forest carbon sink  underdeveloped areas  increase farmers' income  registered household  instrumental variable method

摘要:

目的 实现欠发达地区农户稳定增收是“后小康”时代巩固脱贫攻坚成果的关键。从微观农户视角评估森林碳汇扶贫项目的增收效应，对于检验项目开发减贫成效、进一步优化项目实施方案具有重要现实意义。方法 文章利用2020年四川省4个森林碳汇项目试点县5 225个建档立卡户的实地调查数据，基于收入结构的视角厘清森林碳汇项目影响农户收入的作用机制，并采用工具变量法进行实证检验。结果 （1）森林碳汇项目对欠发达地区农民具有明显的增收效应；（2）相比建档立卡贫困户，森林碳汇项目对建档立卡脱贫户的增收效应更大，且主要来源于森林抚育环节；（3）森林碳汇项目主要通过林地投入和劳动力投入两种作用机制直接或间接降低建档立卡户财产性收入和经营性收入、增加转移性收入和工资性收入，进而影响其家庭经济收入，但此机制在建档立卡贫困户与建档立卡脱贫户中存在差异。结论 建档立卡脱贫户在森林碳汇项目中，除了能获取碳汇转移性收入，还可凭借劳动禀赋优势获得工资性收入以期弥补财产性和经营性收入损失，进而增加家庭收入；而建档立卡贫困户由于缺乏劳动能力和农业依赖性强，参与森林碳汇项目难以弥补收入损失，最终导致福利受损。这表明后脱贫阶段，森林碳汇项目能够有效促进欠发达地区脱贫户实现稳定增收，充当巩固脱贫攻坚成果的重要工具。

Abstract:

Realizing stable income increases of farmers is the key to consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation in the "post-well-off" era. From the perspective of micro farmers, assessing the income-increasing effect of forest carbon sink (FCS) poverty alleviation projects is of great practical significance for testing the poverty reduction effect of project development and further optimizing the project implementation plan. Based on the field survey data of 5 225 registered households in 4 pilot counties of forest carbon sequestration projects in 2020, the mechanism of FCS affecting farmers' income was constructed from the perspective of income structure, and the instrumental variable method was used for the empirical test. The results showed that: (1) FCS had an obvious poverty elimination effect. (2) Compared to poverty relief households, FCS had a greater income increase effect on registered households who had been lifted out of poverty, and mainly came from the forest care process. (3) The FCS mainly reduced the property and agriculture income of registered households, increased transfer income and wage income, and affected their household economic income directly or indirectly through forest land investment and labor investment mechanisms. However, there were differences in this mechanism between the two types of poverty-attribute registered households. Therefore, poverty relief households not only can obtain carbon sequestration transfer income but also can rely on labor endowment advantages to obtaining wage income to compensate for the loss of property and agriculture income, thus increasing family income. However, due to the lack of labor capacity and strong agricultural dependence on poverty relief households, it is difficult to make up for the loss of income through the FCS, which ultimately leads to welfare damage. This shows that after 2020, the FCS can effectively promote the stable income increase of poverty alleviation households and serve as an important tool to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation.