长江十年禁捕下的退捕渔户可持续生计研究

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF RETIRED FISHING HOUSEHOLDS IN CHINA'S YANGTZE RIVER DURING THE 10-YEAR FISHING BAN

关键词:  十年禁捕  退捕渔民家庭  生计资本  生计策略  生计可持续

Key words:  ten-year fishing ban  retired fishing households  livelihood capital  livelihood strategy  sustainable livelihood

摘要:

目的 长江“十年禁渔”政策实施是扭转长江生态环境恶化趋势和长江生物资源枯竭关键之举，如何在保护水生生物资源同时，保障退捕渔民家庭生计，实现替代生计可持续，也是巩固禁渔成效的关键。方法 文章采用改进了可持续生计传统分析框架，增加心理资本对禁捕后渔民家庭生计资本进行评估，并运用Logistic回归模型分析禁捕后渔民家庭生计资本和生计策略之间关系，揭示短期零工型向长期雇佣型、自主经营型转化规律。结果 （1）禁捕前，渔民家庭各种生计资本之间存在较强相关性，金融资本与其他四种资本相关性最强，说明金融资本对渔民家庭生计具有快速而显著改善作用。（2）与禁捕前相比，禁捕后渔民家庭生计资本水平受到了一定程度的破坏。自然、物质和社会资本价值显著低于禁捕令前，而人力和金融资本价值显著高于禁捕令前。（3）在生计资本重建过程中也得出一般规律，当退捕渔民家庭社会和金融资本在生计资本总量中占优时，一般选择短期零工型生计策略；人力和心理资本占优时，一般选择长期雇佣型生计策略；社会与人力资本占优时，一般选择自主经营型生计策略。（4）人力和社会资本是影响退捕渔民家庭生计策略由短期零工型向自主经营型转化关键，人力资本是由短期零工型向长期雇佣型转化关键。结论 针对短期零工型退捕渔民家庭，对有劳动能力但目前尚未就业的渔民进一步了解真实情况；针对自主经营型退捕渔民家庭，渔民应依托当地禀赋，挖掘农渔业内部转产潜力，调整产业结构；针对长期雇佣型退捕渔民家庭，促进退捕渔民的人力资本增值，提高自身综合素质以完善生计建设能力。

Abstract:

The implementation of the "Ten-Year Fishing Ban" policy in China's Yangtze River is a crucial measure aimed at reversing the deteriorating trend of the river's ecological environment and addressing the depletion of its biological resources. Ensuring the protection of aquatic resources while also safeguarding the livelihoods of fishermen affected by the ban, and promoting sustainable alternative livelihoods, is essential to consolidating the effectiveness of this fishing ban. This research adopted a traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework had been enhanced by incorporating psychological capital to assess the livelihood assets of fishing families following the fishing ban, and then used Logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between livelihood capital and the livelihood strategies employed by these families post-ban, and revealed the transformation patterns from short-term gig type to long-term employment type and self-employment type. The results showed that:(1) Before the fishing ban, there were strong correlations between various types of livelihood capital of fishing households,with financial capital having the strongest correlation with the other four types of capital. This indicated that financial capital plays a role in rapidly and significantly improving the livelihoods of fishing households.(2) Compared with the period before the fishing ban, the level of livelihood capital of fishing households suffered a certain degree of damage after the ban. The values of natural capital, material capital, and social capital were significantly lower than those before the fishing ban, while the values of human capital and financial capital were significantly higher than those before the fishing ban.(3) A general rule was also derived in the process of livelihood capital reconstruction: When social and financial capital of retired fishing households dominate the total livelihood capital, they generally chose a short-term gig-type livelihood strategy; when human and psychological capital were dominant, they generally chose a long-term employment-type livelihood strategy; and when social and human capital were dominant, they generally chose a self-employment-type livelihood strategy.(4) Human and social capital were the key factors influencing the transformation of the livelihood strategies of retired fishing households from the short-term gig type to the self-employment type, while human capital was the key factor for the transformation from the short-term gig type to the long-term employment type. Therefore, for short-term gig-type retired fishing households, relevant authorities should further understand the actual situation of fishermen who have labor capacity but are currently unemployed; for self-employment-type retired fishing households, fishermen should rely on local endowments, tap into the potential of industrial transition within agriculture and fishery, and adjust the industrial structure; for long-term employment-type retired fishing households, efforts should be made to promote the appreciation of retired fishermen'shuman capital and improve their comprehensive quality, so as to enhance their capacity for livelihood development.