从农户适度规模经营到村组专业化外部性——水稻全要素生产率增长机制再审视

FROM FARMERS' MODERATE SCALE OPERATIONS TO VILLAGE GROUP SPECIALISATION EXTERNALITIES: RICE TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH MECHANISM REVISITED

关键词:  规模经济  集聚经济  水稻生产  索洛余值  知识溢出  劳动力池

Key words:  economies of scale  economies of agglomeration  rice production  solow residuals  knowledge spillovers  labour pools

摘要:

目的 农户适度规模经营在提升水稻全要素生产率的同时，还能够助推村组水稻生产专业化集聚的形成。而村组专业化集聚外部性是否以及在多大程度上影响水稻全要素生产率？影响机制如何？这些问题的回答，可以为当前中国推进农业适度规模经营和专业化生产提供决策依据。方法 文章基于2016—2020年农村固定观察点26省781村共18 570家农户数据，利用索洛模型一段法和双向固定效应模型，实证检验了农户适度规模经营以及村组专业化外部性对水稻全要素生产率的影响。结果 （1）农户适度规模经营提升了水稻全要素生产率；（2）村组专业化外部性提高了水稻全要素生产率，在生产率水平较低、非郊区以及非乡镇政府所在地的村组影响效力更强；（3）水稻全要素生产率增长的来源主要是知识溢出和劳动力池效应，而非中间投入共享效应。结论 在鼓励农户适度规模经营的同时，要定期评估，确保规模与禀赋匹配，防范规模不经济；要遵循各地区比较优势，宜粮则粮，谨防一哄而上，避免本土产业的逆势发展；要充分发挥村组专业化外部性，在强化知识溢出和劳动力池的同时，也要挖掘中间投入共享的潜在作用。

Abstract:

While increasing rice total factor productivity, the moderate-scale operation of farm households can also contribute to the formation of specialised agglomeration of rice production in village groups. Does and to what extent do the externalities of specialised agglomeration in village groups affect rice total factor productivity? What is the influencing mechanism? The answers to these questions can provide a decision-making basis for the current promotion of moderate-scale agricultural operation and specialised production in China. Based on the data of a total of 18 570 farm households in 781 villages in 26 provinces from 2016 to 2020 from fixed observation points in rural areas across the country, the research empirically examined the impact of moderate-scale operation of farm households as well as the externalities of specialisation in village groups on rice total factor productivity by using the one-period method of the Solow model and a two-way fixed-effects model. The results showed that: (1) Farmers' moderate-scale operations increased rice total factor productivity; (2) Village group specialisation externalities increased rice total factor productivity, with stronger effects in villages with lower productivity levels, non-suburban areas, and non-township government locations; (3) The source of rice total factor productivity growth was mainly knowledge spillovers and labour pooling effects, rather than intermediate input sharing effects. Therefore, while encouraging farmers to operate on an appropriate scale, regular assessments should be made to ensure that the scale matches the endowment and to guard against diseconomies of scale; it is important to follow the comparative advantages of each region, and food is appropriate, so as to guard against a rush to avoid the counter-trend development of the local industry; and it is essential to give full play to the externality of specialization in the village groups, and to tap the potential role of intermediate input sharing while strengthening knowledge spillovers and labour pools.